How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Essay Example

How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Paper Prior to the 1630s, conflict with Spain had left royal finances in a desperate state. Not only did Weston succeed to two million pounds of debt1 when he became Lord Treasurer in 1628, but the vast sale of crown lands to fund this war had left the monarchy unable to live of its own, and thus when it became clear that Charles I could no longer rely on Parliament for income in 1630, he and his Council were forced to seek out new sources of revenue. Through examination of the means by which former monarchs had raised money, Charles was led to the idea of reviving and financially exploiting feudal levies and rights such as ship money, distraint of knighthoods, wardships and forest fines. Although these taxes enabled Charles to raise enough income to sustain his rule until the outbreak of war with Scotland in 1638, it is nevertheless doubtful as to whether these new sources of revenue can be considered as effective, as whilst it they were financially successful, they were also highly politically costly, and can be seen as one of the key sources of friction between King and country. We will write a custom essay sample on How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Arguably the most controversial of the new sources of revenue that Charles raised during the 1630s was that of ship money. Although ship money has long been recognised as a Crown right, with Professor Bard labelling it as an antiquated imposition2, the monies paid by the maritime community prior to the 1630s were in fact a contributions to a ship levies, and the ships so levied were locally owned, meaning that after their required service was finished, they were returned. Thus, in relation to the property of the subject, an evident difference can be seen between ship money and ship levy money, as not only did the ship money demanded by Charles I in 1634, 1635 and 1636 include inland counties, but it also required a direct payment from each country, over which sheriffs were appointed to supervise. Initially ship money was seen as a one-off, and thus the majority of protests concentrated on technical issues of rating and assessment3, as each county was expected to pay a lump-sum which had to be made up by its inhabitants, who could not agree on how this should be fairly split up amongst them, or on the amount that their county was assigned to compared to other counties. Indeed, the scope for such arguments was almost limitless, especially as it was not the justices of the peace who fixed individual rates, but sheriff of each county, who acted arbitrarily and alone. Not only was this problematic because the public saw this a an infringement of government by consent, but also because some sheriffs and officers levied far more than [was] prescribed in the writ4 in order to ensure that they collected their assigned amount and did not have to make it any deficiency from their own pocket. Despite these administrative problems, Charles was able to collect 104,00 in 1634, and thus the first ship money levy must be recognised as a success. However, subsequent ship money writs increasingly displayed the gap in Charles knowledge as to how much his subjects would consent to be taxed, as the accumulating amounts that he demanded led to complaints from sheriffs that their counties were being asked to pay too much. Charles rejected these appeals, and claimed that the collection of ship money was for national security and as a defence against the danger of pirates to commerce. However, as England at the time was at peace and, as Prynne argued if the counties had furnished their own ships at the best and cheapest rates, the expense would have been very much less5, the public realised that Charles intended to collect ship money every year, and began to dispute its legality. It is evident that there was great attachment to the notion of taxation by consent and to Parliamentary statute as the ultimate source of law, and thus it was argued that Charles dispensation with parliamentary government meant that he was not at liberty to arbitrarily impose ship money. As a result, John Hampden, a Buckinghamshire gentleman refused to pay ship money and was thus brought to trial in the Court of Exchequer in 1637. Although Hampdens lawyer insisted that parliament was the proper body to vote taxation, Charles had twelve judges determine the legality of the levy, all of which he had hand-picked and owed their position to him or his father. The judges voted 7-5 in Charles favour, which although was a moral victory to the King, was a political loss as a win of such narrow margin from men who were under his influence and who had all agreed on the legality of ship money in 1634 did not escape the notice of the public, who continued to contest this outcome and the taxs legality. Indeed, Twydens long account of Kents reaction to the judges decision shows the scope of the debate present at the time, for although he states that some believed that the declaration the judges had made was fully to the point and by that that the King had full right to impose it, he also accounts for those that thought that the king has no prerogative but that which the law of the land doth give and the argument of how the king could have any necessity that has no enemy6. Although there is debate between Fincham and Sharpe over how closely this account can be seen to represent the full cross section of opinion that existed, the record is nevertheless significant in that it demonstrates that despite Charles legal win on the question of ship money, without a ruling from parliament the public were not able to fully accept its legality. Therefore, whilst it is evident that ship money as a source of revenue was successful in that it raised over 800,000 for the King during the 1630s, overall it was a political disaster; possibly the decrease in the amount that Charles demanded in the levy of 1638 demonstrates his recognition of the damage that ship money had caused. Another source of income that caused much contention was that of Knighthood fines, brainchild of Sir Robert Heath, which are significant in that they can be seen as the starting point from which the idea of exploiting antiquated laws in order to raise revenue originated. In December 1625 Lord Keeper Coventry reminded Charles of the custom of those eligible for knighthood presenting themselves at the coronation , but in the early years of Charles reign, there seems to have been no thought of actually inducing men to do so. However, by January 1630, a commission was appointed to call up and compound those who should have attended, although it has been argued that the idea for this fine had been suggested much earlier, due to a proclamation which had been made on the 30th January 1626 which summoned all those eligible to appear in London by 31st January; thus making it impossible for any to attend and be knighted. In response to these defaulters, Charles sent personal royal letters to noblemen who headed up the commission in their counties expressing his disappointment and thus urging them to greater effort, and instructed his attorney to proceed against sheriffs who were not collecting the fines strenuously enough. The crude manner in which Charles rigorously enforced distraint of Knighthoods can be seen as a major factor in the distancing of King from country; even Clarendon, a firm royalist labelled Knighthood fines as ill husbandry and most grievous8 due to the obvious manner in which it was exploited simply to bring in revenue. Although by April 1635, knighthood fines had brought in  £173,537; the largest single source of extraordinary revenue other than the loan and the sale of crown lands9, meaning that it was a success in terms of revenue collected, in terms of the damage done between Charles and his subjects, Knighthood fines can be seen as a step on the road to collapse; as Leonard argues, it increased discontent without providing the government with the means to ignore it, as the Scottish wars proved. 0 Forest Fines, which was enforced more rigorously during the 1630s than they had been by any King for over three hundred years, can be seen as another feudal law that caused great friction between Charles and the public . The law itself stated that the King may make a forest in all woods, and that this designated forest may not be changed without permission, which included hunting foxes, felling wood, pasturing cattle, building or in any way encroaching upon it. Gardiner and others have attributed the revival of this law to the Earl of Hollands attempts in 1634 to unseat Lord Treasurer Weston by exposing his abuse of royal woodland in the forest of Dean11, although Hammersley argues that there can be little doubt that the revival of these laws was financially motivated12; as the timber required for naval purposes was if such exacting specifications that only large tracts of woodland could supply the required quantities, large forest fines were thus seen as a method of simultaneously protecting resources needed for national defence and increasing crown income. Forest fines first began in the forest of Dean, which had in fact formerly been disbanded by the crown, which caused much dissent as the public had a unanimous detestation of enclosure, as they looked upon open woodland as a gift, like wild berries and had not come to respect it as a private property of some value13. Although the poor who found themselves trespassers were fined merely shillings, much larger fines were adjudged against aberrant gentry and aristocracy, some of whichs family had regarded the forest land in question as their own for centuries, and thus took great offence, which caused Clarendon to criticise forest fines in his memoirs because of the manner in which it lighted most upon persons of quality and honour, who thought themselves above ordinary oppressions and therefore like to remember it with more sharpness14. In 1634, upon hearing word that Gloucestershire lawyers were searching public records in the Tower of London for records of the borders of the forest of Dean, Sir John Finch, attorney general to the queen, emulated them and subsequently discovered an undated document of unknown origins which declared the set perambulations void. Finch caused scandal with his usage of this dubious document to challenge the set boundaries of Dean, which allowed Charles to enlarge the forest and thus collect more fines for encroachment, but which damaged the Kings political standing with the public, who once again saw his methods as crude and exploitative as they appeared to serve neither policy nor justice. Although Hammersley argues that as a method of raising revenue, the restoration of forest laws was moderately successful, Sharpe contradicts this by stating that the amount was not enough to compensate for indignation engendered15, and thus forest fines must be seen as only of limited success. Monopolies, which involved selling rights over certain goods to businessmen, can be seen as another example of a new source of revenue utilised by Charles during the 1630s which irritated the public due to the manner in which administrative government was exploited by private businesses. By 1640, the Long Parliament complained that monopolists were like the frogs which fell upon Egypt16, in that they were everywhere; a sentiment that was widespread throughout England. Although some of the projects and patents propounded during the Personal Rule were financially motivated, it is evident that others arose from genuine inventiveness or governmental desire to regulate a trade. 7 However, usually the reality of monopolies fell short of the promise, and the profits that were made at the expense of the public did not benefit the treasury, thus exacerbating the irritation such schemes caused; Wentworth described them as the very scandal of his Majestys affairs and the reproach of all his ministers18. Perhaps the most infamous scandal of Charles reign , and one that can be seen as an example of the problems with monopolies as a whole, was the soap patent. In January 1632 the rights over the production of soap was handed to the Westminster Soap Makers, and their competition was suppressed via a royal proclamation which banned the old soap which had been made with fish-oil. The King maintained that his reasons for endorsing the Westminster Soap Makers was to foster an English manufacture that would set the poor to work, although it was clear that some profit was envisaged as the new company promised  £4 per ton of soap that was sold. 9 However, the catholic soap, so called because the most prominent members of the company were all seen as cryptocatholics, failed to sell, despite a later proclamation which allowed the Westminster Soap Makers to use fish-oil in their soap-making in the same way as the old soap makers had been prohibited from. As no real profit materialised from this patent, Charles was seen as pursuing an inefficient and corrupt policy at the expense of the public who were having to pay inflated prices for soap, which l ed to a questioning of Charles right to give one company sole patent over products. Asch argues that monopolies and patents were not an effective source of revenue, as the onlcwy lasting effect that they had was to increase the Kings unpopularity by alienating vested interests without solving the crowns financial problems20. Thus it is evident that the soap patent, and indeed monopolies in general were not an effective source of revenue because, as with many of Charles other money-making schemes, the King showed himself to be politically inept at judging the worth of the income in relation to its cost on public mood. Overall it is evident that during the 1630s, Charles main means of raising new sources of revenue was via the revival and exploitation of obsolete laws, combined with the extensive application of existing laws. As Sharpe argues, instead of looking forward or across overseas to continental practice, Charles looked to the past for inspiration. However, this method of increasing income was highly politically costly, not least because the legality of many of these revived feudal fines was widely disputed, and without Parliament to settle the matter, debate could not be halted. A key example of this is ship money; despite the King winning his case against Hampton in a legal court, the public remained dissatisfied with this outcome. Although it is clear that these sources of revenue were effective in that they enabled Charles to raise enough income to sustain his rule until the outbreak of war with Scotland in 1638, they must also be recognised as one of the key reasons for the breakdown between King and country, as many of the fines were crudely implemented and left the impression that Charles was abusing his prerogative power, to the extent that even royalists such as Clarendon and Wentworth voiced criticism. Therefore, whilst Charles gained financially from these new sources of revenue, his political standing suffered hugely as a result, and thus it must be recognised that Caroline fiscal expedients were truly false mines for obtaining money21, because their political cost was so much higher than their financial value.

American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Example

American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Example American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Several aspects of American Romanticism are evident in Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863†. Much of the Romantic language used in this excerpt illustrated the nation’s state and the Civil War. An aspect of American Romanticism stems from the theme of the Civil War. In the beginning of the address, Lincoln commences by asserting that, â€Å"our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. This statement verifies an aspect of Idealistic Philosophy regarding the reason for immigration in America. Additionally, it also provides a philosophy for the reason regarding the Civil War. This illustrates the Romantic superlative of being discontent with the present circumstances. It also symbolizes a belief in positive change. Consequently, Lincoln surmises, â€Å"†¦we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground† because â€Å"the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This statement illustrates the countless lives that soldiers lost for a laudable cause. It provides an indistinct scrutiny of the Civil War and propels the Union to believe that the cause is sacred. At the conclusion of the address, Lincoln progresses his argument further by asserting that the ones who sacrificed themselves â€Å"shall not have died in vain† and â€Å"this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom†. After three years of intense war, the citizens of the Union question the integrity and incentive of the war. Additionally, Lincoln also incorporates democratic values, which comprise American Romanticism. His statement, â€Å"-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth† depicts support for democracy and individual freedom.

Juvenile Delinquecy and Its Best Strategies Essay

Juvenile Delinquecy and Its Best Strategies - Essay Example Youth offense is a major issue and an element of crime which be given huge concentration from the politicians and news media. â€Å"Delinquency is not an inherited trait, like some forms of diseases or alcoholism. It is acquired through parental neglect, poverty, environment, frustration at society, and, perhaps most important of all, peer pressure† (Hass, 2010). In the US, a juvenile criminal is a human being, who has not yet attained the age of eighteen and whose activities have been tagged as juvenile delinquency by any court. The particular requirements are different from state to state. In the US, the federal government enacted legislation to unify the conduct of juvenile delinquents through the Delinquency Act of 1975 and juvenile justice. History of juvenile justice and approaches to its Prevention: The formal method of juvenile justice has been in existence in the US for almost 200 years. â€Å"The early reformers envisioned a regime in which young offenders would rec eive treatment that would cure them of their antisocial ways—a system in which criminal responsibility and punishment had no place. Because of the juvenile court's rehabilitative purpose, procedures were informal and dispositions were indeterminate† (Scott, 2008). ... Before the nineteenth century, the abnormal behavior of teenagers was handled in a casual manner inside the family and not through a formal juvenile justice method. The growth of the society for renovation of juvenile delinquents and other like minded civic organizations to deal with the rising problem of juvenile delinquency, reflected society’s usual concern with instilling straight outlook behaviors in its adolescents. This was chiefly true throughout the 20th century when the term juvenile justice was adopted. The origins of juvenile delinquency are difficult to comprehend as well as are not frequently well implied and consist of psychiatric, family and other such issues or a mixture of all these. It is significant to recognize the interplay of these factors for adolescence, when planning facility delivery, in order to congregate the desires of the youth. The 1990s have brought a propagation of forensic mental health experts who concentrate in psychiatric evaluation of tee nagers involved at various points in the juvenile justice method. These practitioners are trained to concentrate on assessing the legal and mental health issues as well as to give essential information that will help attorneys and judges to decide whether the individual is a convict or not. These evaluations can also be crucial in assisting contributors who are involved in planning a method of care for an adolescent along with his or her family. Then again, professionals are concerned with juvenile justice population in an assortment of settings and can intervene in methods that facilitate more efficient care giving. An exhaustive examination of all stakeholders to juvenile delinquency and a complete description of the issues addressed: The

Novel Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Novel Analysis - Essay Example In essence, then, to reach an entirely subjective meaning of Pynchon’s novel a reader must do exactly what Pierce Inverarity advises Oedipa to do; namely to keep bouncing the massive reception of information in order to decode the meaningful clues from the meaningless ones. Pynchon’s protagonist, Oedipa Mass, spends the novel engaged in the pursuit of clues or else debating whether she should involve herself in the mysteries that surround her. As coexecutrix of Pierce’s estate, Oedipa takes off on an odyssey to unlock the full impact involved in Inverarity’s bequest. As her odyssey progresses Oedipa comes to perceive that Pierce Inverarity’s influence not only on her life but on the rest of the world appears to be more substantial, such as when she recollects that Pierce â€Å"owned a large block of shares, had been somehow involved in negotiating an understanding with the county tax assessor to lure Yoyodyne here in the first place. It was part, he explained, of being a founding father" (25-26). Executing Pierce’s will sets Oedipa on her journey to begin boucing information back and forth in an attempt to balance it and understand it, causing Oedipa to eventually piece together clues so that they form a truth about Pierce that assigns him great authority, including the power to leave behind the clues to the mystery of Tristero as an inordinately elaborate plan of some sort that is directed entirely for her benefit. This idea causes Oedipa to reflect upon the possibility that Pierce "might himself have discovered the Tristero, and encrypted that in the will, buying into just enough to be sure shed find it. Or he might even have tried to survive death, as a paranoia; as a pure conspiracy against someone he loved" (179). The novel engages with the theoretical ideas of Newtonian forces, especially action and reaction through the idea that Inverarity still manages to be a moving force

Envioronment assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Envioronment assignment - Essay Example The effect of this disease affects the most productive sectors of the society because it deprives the economy of scarce resources of skills, it leaves countless number of orphaned children, and a country lessened with people at their prime. HIV/AIDS have declined life expectancy in Botswana as it joined the ranks of seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa such as Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda and Zambia that have life expectancies below 40 years of age. Study showed of the ECA showed that by year 2020, among those aged fifteen to forty-four, there will be more men than women. There is an implication of increased HIV infection among younger women because there is evidence in the study that older men inflict younger women thru marriage (ECA). Impact of HIV/AIDS is hardest on the family, because as people die, they leave a struggling family both emotionally and financially. Poverty is enhanced because savings are spent during the period of illness. Due to death of parents, t he number of orphaned children left to government’s care also increases. The number of orphaned children in Africa is already in the range of thirteen to fifteen million children. In summary, HIV/AIDS destroys human capital, weakens the mechanisms that generate human capital formation and produces a chance for the children to contract the disease, thus making education less attractive to them. 4. Actions undertaken by Canada, the United States and other developed countries to lessen the impact of AIDS in Africa. The control of HIV/AIDS cannot be done alone by the government of Africa. They need concerted effort of the whole population, the government and help from foreign governments and institutions. African government can seek support from Canada, United States and other developed countries who are affluent enough to donate funds and resources for AIDS control. For instance, they could enlist assistance of the World Health Organization in the European Region that has set a program particularly intended for the region. Botswana can take advantage of several programs of WHO that has been designed to prevent transmission of AIDS, among which are: HIV testing and counseling, syringe and needle program, reduction of sexual transmission among men of same sex and thru sex workers; reduction of vertical transmission by mothers to babies, and access for treatment and care. The World Health Organization in Europe has 53 member states that put together their efforts and resources on the control while U.S. has devoted a sizeable amount of donation for the purpose. Part 2. The Precautionary Principle. There is a saying that goes â€Å"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure†. This I believe is the principle that is considered in the precautionary principles of scientists. Precautionary measures are taken when it is believed that a certain activity would be harmful to human health or the environment because the cause and effect relationships are not scientifically proven. Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration firmly states: â€Å"that in order to protect the environment precautionary approach shall be applied by States according to their capabilities. When there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as reason for postponing cost- effective measures to prevent environmental degradation† (Rio Declaration). Precautionary measure is taken by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in a

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay Various literatures suggest different terminologies in occupational therapy depending on the school of thought. Hence, it is imperative to bring significance to underpinning words for the purpose of this assignment. National Health Service (NHS) define occupational therapy as the evaluation and treatment of physical and psychiatric conditions using definite and purposeful activities to prevent disability and encourage independent functions in all aspects of daily life (www.nhscareers.nhsuk, 2008). Occupational therapy is a discipline that assists people of all ages to achieve health and life satisfaction through improving their ability to carry out the activities that they need or choose to do in their daily lives (College of Occupational Therapists [COT] 2006a). Occupational therapists assess the impact of changes in motor function, sensation, coordination, visual perception, and cognition on an individuals competence to engage in daily life tasks. Intervention enhances involvement in meaningful roles, tasks, and activities; minimizes secondary complications; and provides training and support to the patient and caregivers. (Rowland, 2008) Occupational therapists concentrates on independence and function, persons goal setting, and their expert skills in task adaptation and environmental adaptation emphasize the professions contribution to stroke rehabilitation. (Rowland 2008) The fundamental intend of occupational therapy is predicated on occupational performance, it seeks to enhance health and well being of a person by limiting occupational dysfunction that is, when an individual is unable to articulate himself within his socio-cultural and physical environment because of illness, disability or lack of enabling skills indispensable for coping like the case of stroke in David. Background information on stroke The diagnosis established that David had stroke, an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the UK; an estimation of 150,000 people has stroked each year and approximately 30% of people dying in the month after a stroke and 67,000 deaths each year. It is also the greatest cause of severe disability, 35% of all survivors are significantly disabled and will need help with daily occupation (Department of Health, 2001; Office of National Statistics, 2001;British Hearth Foundation, 2005). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines stroke as a clinical syndrome, of presumed vascular origin, typified by rapidly developing signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (WHO, 1978). The two broad causes are ischemia and haemorrhage. Ischemic stroke results from a blockage of cerebral vessel and can be further classified into thrombosis or embolism. Hemorrhagic stroke results from the rupture of a blood vessel. Blood is release out of the vascular space, cutting off pathways and leading to pressure injuries to brain tissue. It could be either intracerebral (bleeding into the brain itself) or subarachnoid (bleeding into an area surrounding the brain) caused by hypertension, arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm (Batel, 2004). SYNOPSIS OF DAVID David, a senior fireman officer was born 45 years ago and had worked for 27 years on a fulltime basis. He collapsed at work 8 weeks ago and was diagnosed with a left Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) or stroke. A scan following his admission revealed an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. He was restless and irritable, responding to command physically but no verbal response, and was unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. His blood pressure is 180/75, Blood NAD. Urine testing revealed a high level of sugar. He is a proud family man, married for 22years, extremely sociable with strong passion for football. APPLIED THEORTICAL MODEL A model is a simplified representation of a phenomenon that can account for certain data/relationships or a synthesised body of knowledge that links theory and practice(Finlay, 2004 p73). Model gives us a way to frame a persons problems and treatment (Finlay, 2004). Conversely, the theoretical direction on which these frames of reference are founded is not clear, this is why it is so complicated to follow their guiding principle to institute occupationally based practice (Ikiugu, 2004).   The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP): Is employed to guide in Davids health needs because it will emphasis on occupational performance of David as a person, via occupation and environment, CMOP will critically analyse the components of Davids affective, cognitive, physical components and spirituality, the spirituality represent the inner strength that will allows David to keep functioning in the face of great challenges and adversity by engaging him in purposeful occupational activities, that influences his performance areas and bring about health and well-being within the context of adaptable environment fit for David. Client centred practice originally evolved in psychology. It combines with systems approach, environmental theory and research into flow by Csikszentmihalyi to provided CMOP with a broad interdisciplinary base of knowledge [1][3][4]. He buttresses on exploration of flow, the subjective psychological state that occurs when we are totally adsorbed in an activity. He found that flow state involves feeling good, exceedingly motivated and being in the zone. During flow, concentration can be so intense that there is loss of self-consciousness a transitory reprieve from ones worries; flow also promotes self -esteem, life satisfaction and the aptitude to cope with stress. This is contrary to the concept of occupational balance which is a more complex and holistic concept related to balance in life style and tasks. Balance is about the relationship between a person ,their occupations and their worlds.The models national development is a unique feature and so CMOP does not reflect the views of any one individual. However while some assume the model has no cultural bias and adaptation has been encouraged, little research has been conducted into the efficacy of its application in non western societies [10][11][12] APPLYING CMOP TO DAVID SELF CARE The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the David and his family to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Establishing the level of assistance needed in each of these areas and Davids priorities will helps the occupational therapist target rehabilitation interventions appropriately and to measure progress towards Davids goals. Observation of activity limitations allows the occupational therapist to identify the impairments that underpin these limitations, including the motor, sensory and cognitive impact of stroke. (Rowland, 2008) PRODUCTIVITY Davis was a fulltime fireman fighter before the stroke assessment regarding return to work commences in the acute setting. The occupational therapist gathers a history of the patients occupation, i.e., job duties (frequency and duration) and work conditions (hours, environment, etc.). Using the results of assessment of the sensorimotor, cognitive, visual-perceptual, and psychological abilities of the patient, the occupational therapist with the help of vocational rehabilitation therapist will considers David feasibility of returning to work, also conduct a workplace assessment and negotiate a graded return to work hours an duties (Trombly, 2002). Leisure: David before the stroke engages in leisure activities he was a football fan and a football coach these are highly social activities that brings about his social inclusion. David derives joy, fulfilment relaxation, excitement, and stimulation. An occupational therapist will seek for ways to reengage him in these activities to enhance other areas of occupational performance. CLIENT CENTRED CMOP is propagates client centeredness which promotes interdependent collaborative relationship between clients and therapist, outcome measure enabling client to rate importance, performance and satisfaction with self -care productivity and leisure activities they need to, want to, or are expected to. Consequently, an occupational therapist together with David will formulate the following achievable outcome as long-term goals: David to gain increased somatosensory perception and will employ compensatory strategies order to perform ADL safely; David will gain strength, endurance, and control of movement in upper extremity in order to use this during performance of ADL due to the fact that he is presently unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. It also includes how David can improve motor planning ability in order to relearn old methods or relearn new methods of performing ADL. EVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION Occupational therapist is more worried about how David will function effectively and independently in the home environment and to access the community. The occupational therapist will evaluate the need for a home assessment, taking into consideration the environmental barriers, specific impairments, risk of falls, and the needs of the patient/carer. The purpose of the assessment is to establish whether it is safe for David to return to their pre-stroke environment or see how the environment could be adapted to fit David.The assessment involves observing Davids ability to physically negotiate his environment and perform his usual activities. For instance, the occupational therapist may assess Davids ability to safely transfer from their bed or toilet, move on his wheel chair freely within the house, and cook within his kitchen OT APPLICATION TO STROKE The implications of stroke are extremely varied and may include difficulties in motor ability, perceptual-cognitive skills, emotional reactions and social functioning. Occupational therapists look beyond these health conditions and analyse the impact of an individuals specific pattern of component of problems on occupational performance (Molineux, 2004). For instance the left cerebral hemisphere, which is affected in the case of David, controls most functions on the right side of his body because of the decussating of motor fibres in the medulla. The stroke incidence in the case of David may produce symptoms discussed below: Vision and Visual Perception Stroke can also result in blind spot in the visual field usually on the right side to correct this, David will have to gain visual function or will employ compensatory strategies in order to resume previously performed ADL. Occupational therapists routinely screen for visual-perceptual impairments such as agnosia; visuospatial relations problems, eg, figure-ground, body scheme disorders, depth perception, and unilateral neglects, and impairments in constructional skills. [14] Other neurobehavioral changes, including praxis and acalculia, are commonly assessed in conjunction with visual-perceptual screening following a left hemisphere stroke. Occupational therapists will work on Visual and perceptual impairments in David by retraining in specific skills, teaching compensation techniques, substitution of unimpaired skills, or adapting the task or environment. [1] Methods will include visual scanning training [55] to assist David with a hemianopia or neglect to locate items more accurately within his house. The depth perception problems in David may be encouraged to hold the handrail for additional proprioceptive cues to safely negotiate stairs, as well as to pace themselves and go more slowly down a flight of stairs. The praxis condition of David [56] or motor planning problems affecting one upper limb may initially practice a range of remediation techniques involving feedback, cueing, and functional repetitive practice to overcome the impairment. If Davids impairment of the stroke-affected hand is resistant to remediation methods, the occupational therapist may teach Daivd to compensate by using the other, unaffected, upp er limb for tasks requiring greater precision such as gardening that he loves to do or washing his car, thus increasing the patients level of independence. Memory and Cognition The impact of the stroke on Davids memory, cognition, and executive skills can significantly affect his ability to participate in a rehabilitation program and to complete personal, domestic, leisure, and work-related tasks. [21] Difficulty in initiating regular tasks such as been a fire fighter, coaching his foot ball team, washing his car, gardening activities as he use to do before even socialising with the member of his community or preparing breakfast, or impulsiveness that poses safety risks for the individual are practical examples of the effects of these impairments. Sensory, Motor, and Upper Limb Function Occupational therapy interventions will address Davids changes in motor power, muscle tone, sensory loss, motor planning/praxis, fine motor coordination, and hand function, with the aim of regaining upper limb control and function. Daily upper limb movement facilitation and positioning, massage, elevation, and compression were employed to address muscle weakness and edema of the left upper limb. Education was provided for safety in the care of his arm and practical training in one-handed methods of completing daily tasks, including dressing, grooming, and eating. The occupational therapist will also assess Davids ability to plan, implement, and problem-solve tasks like making a simple meal, The OT may recommend the installation of grab rails in the shower and toilet, removal of a shower screen that limited safe access, purchase of a shower stool for seated showering as his balance remained impaired, and purchase of a lounge chair of a suitable height. Safely administering medications or prescribing a wheeled mobility tray for transporting meals and using the telephone to call for assistance. If David does not have the capacity to get out of bed, the occupational therapist trains family to safely operate an electric hoist or wheelchair. OT will continuously educate the patient and family members on the treatment program, this is essential for the smooth transition to his discharge. An occupational therapist will need to consult with a social worker to help David and his family apply for Medicaid or other support, establish if it is financially possible to consult others professionals. His cognitive impairment can be assessed during evaluation and treatment of occupational performance by focusing on the adaptive abilities of planning, judgment, problem solving and initiation. Depression is common with lesions in the left hemisphere as compared with the right hemisphere resulting in outbursts, anger or frustration when he cannot perform tasks that he was used to. These responses can further result in impaired personal interactions, inability to perform social and leisure activities or roles, and eventual experience social isolation. Emotional Counselling: Prior to Davids stroke, he and Helen both had clearly defined traditional roles in the family. One potential issue for the family unit, now that David is likely to require a long period of rehabilitation at home, will there be tension between him and Helen due to extreme role reversal? Have a full time worker and David believing that a man must be the breadwinner for his family. If not managed correctly, this tension could have repercussions on the childrens adjustment and could trigger feelings of guilt, isolation and resentment within Helen and Davids relationship. In order to avoid this, and to ensure maximum family unity, communication on coping strategies for the whole family is crucial. Openness between all family members about the severity of the illness, coping strategies, a were in this together attitude, adjustments to daily life and incorporating care into it are just a few things which will help quell feelings of anxiety, fear, depression and resent fulness. Therapeutic use of leisure could be employed to organise activities that provide social interaction, pleasure, entertainment, or diversion like taking for a football match, knowing well that David is very sociable and has great passion for football. Leisure is a medium through which a person is able to learn and rehearse a wide range of skills that will enable him to respond appropriately and adaptively in different situations. Conclusion To make available an activity to pass time or do a work out on a limb is not very complicated, but to facilitate an individual to engage in an activity that has purpose and meaningful for a client, and which help out in the improvement of performance skills, is the utmost art of the occupational therapist (Creek, 1998,p.27). Hence, an attempt has been made to focus on applying occupational therapy concepts, which is engagement of occupation and meaningful activities to enhance occupational performance as it relates to Davids health condition. Research has demonstrated that stroke survivors with a positive self-efficacy report higher quality of life and fewer depressive symptoms (Robinson-smith, 2002b). CMOP model was applied as relevant evidence base.

Ambition :: essays research papers

That formidable force that makes one believe that one needs what one usually only desires; that mind-set that is really more of an entity that sits on ones shoulder, and relentlessly screams â€Å"further, further†; that asset that makes those who are not zealous, jealous... That is ambition.Ambition has been the backbone of every army! Through those great ancient Egyptian wars, through Persia, through Hastings, through Waterloo, through the native American/greedy colonist battles, through the world-wars, through the Balkans, and through every other great conflict that has ever existed but that I am unable to cite, each party was blessed by pure and passionate ambition...ambition to win at whatever cost necessary. Surely only the collective force of ambition found in a battle is liable to cause as much suffering and damage as has been caused by all battles that have ever been lost or won? Even the weakest, most injured warrior who persevered has been touched not by insanity, but by raw ambition, and even the most perturbed and exasperated warlord is supported not by his schemes, but by the ambition to realise them.Ambition is the ultimate wonder of the world! Ambition made all seven of them and more...shouldn’t it be regarded as their veritable (no matter how intangible) superior? From the conception to the design to the construction to the completion, ambition was the proverbial foreman, as once again we see that collective zeal create a phenomenon...thus...Ambition is the source of all that is good and all that is evil! It makes the wonders and it makes the wars.Ambition is the winner and loser of every game! Every footballer, every chess player, every marathon runner, every duck-legged Olympic walker smells of fervour which seeps from the pores of their ambition.When years of dedication pass the baton to ambition, there is a sage to be reckoned with. One only wonders why in spite of the eternal paradoxical query â€Å"what would happen if an irresistible force met with an irresistible force?†, someone always has to lose?Ambition makes you healthy, wealthy, and wise! Doesn’t it? Observe this immortal quotation of Henry Ford:"Whether you think you can or you think you cannot, you are right"The truth he successfully conveys is that we are the scribes of our own destiny. It is ambition that makes us think we can be successful, and lack of ambition that makes us think we cannot.

The Alchemist

Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist: Following your dream is no easy task. Thesis Statement: Paulo Coelho’s book, The Alchemist (1988), demonstrates a boy named Santiago following his dream, also known as his â€Å"Personal Legend†, and encounters various obstacles, which will convey him to what he will become. The connection made by Paulo Coelho in this manuscript was, all that is around him will eventually assist the effort made by the individual (Santiago). Paulo Coelho reveals many spiritual/religious references tied with the acts and decisions of Santiago, and how they guide him, and how he follows them up to obtain his desired dream.Introduction: An old man that he had met in his village awakes Santiago, a young shepherd. Awoken in the sense that this man declared he was a King, and had inspired Santiago to follow his â€Å"Personal Legend†, basically, his dream, and had served knowledge to this young fellow. Throughout Santiago’s journeys, good omens had ma de him pursue his goal. The shepherd encounters various strangers, which help him, willingly or not, to chase his goal. During his quest, he awakes various senses he never had before, such as profound wisdom, communicating with nature, a spiritual connection with God, and the art of Alchemy.Santiago constantly takes life-threatening risks, which are considered challenges in the face of God. Throughout his whole journey, Santiago persistently follows his one and only reason of being, his dream, which is to find the treasure he dreamed of as a shepherd, and throughout his whole adventure, every little detail that crossed him, every lesson that he had been taught, with or without words, the soul of the world that he understood to communicate with, every little detail had defined his true treasure. Body Essay: As pointed out, Santiago was a dream chaser, he wanted to discover his Personal Legend†, what pushed him to do so was a wise old king Melchizedek. The fact that a King would speak to a shepherd is very odd, although the King was doing it for several reasons, it may include the fact that he wanted to make other people realize and drive them to know their â€Å"Personal Legend† as shown: â€Å"Why would a king be talking with a shepherd? † the boy asked, awed and embarrassed. â€Å"For several reasons. But let’s say that the most important is that you have succeeded in discovering your Personal Legend. † (21) This explains how the king is trying to help the Santiago realize his reason of life.As stated previously, he had overcome an obstacle that had given him patience, wisdom, and a lesson. He necessitated to understand that everything had a soul, which when he was an apprentice crystal merchant, had taught him these qualities. â€Å"Everything on earth is being continuously transformed, because the earth is alive . . . and it has a soul. We are part of that soul, so we rarely recognize that it is working for us. But in the crystal shop you probably realized that even the glasses were collaborating in your success. (79) This spiritual reference indicates that if he insisted on succeeding his dream, everything around him, conscious/unconscious will be of assistance to him. Long travels were endured by Santiago; yet, he was on the verge of giving up his â€Å"Personal Legend† for a woman, which is natural. The love he felt for Fatima, (the woman he loved), was an asset that pushed him to go further on and chasing his dream, yet, at the same time, it made him doubt the fact that if this was all worth the chase, the gamble of life and death. â€Å"During the third year, the omens will continue to speak of your treasure and your Personal Legend.You’ll walk around, night after night at the oasis, and Fatima will be unhappy because she’ll feel it was she who interrupted your quest. But you will love her, and she’ll return your love. You’ll remember that she never asked you to stay, because a woman of the desert knows that she must await her man. So you won’t blame her. But many times you’ll walk the sands of the desert, thinking that maybe you could have left . . . that you could have trusted more in your love for Fatima. Because what kept you at the oasis was your own fear that you might never come back. At that point, the omens will tell you that your treasure is buried forever. (120) Here is another example of the proverb shown in the book, â€Å"†¦when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it†, as which everything around him drives him to go further and pursuit his dream. He realized that his dream had shown him all these magnificent experiences; nothing would stop him at this point, even Santiago, a shepherd, a boy, did not fear death. His dream meant everything to him. Conclusion: Santiago, a simple shepherd, made it very far in life by just pursuing in an extremist way his true goal i n life, his Personal Legend.He had overcome every obstacle God and nature intended to test him with, and succeeded in a redeeming way. It is wonderful how Paulo Coelho shows that when you pursue what you love in life, everything around you, living or unconscious, will help you. Santiago proves bravery, strength, wisdom, patience, and various other qualities. It is astonishing how by doing things with love, and joy, you connect with the world and God. Santiago at this point, had completed his emptiness, he achieved his one true meaning, his dream and goal.

Socrates and Matthew Essays

Socrates and Matthew Essays Socrates and Matthew Essay Socrates and Matthew Essay Every ancient culture seemed to have its own heretics. The Greeks and Romans were no exception. In Athens, Greece, the philosopher Socrates was perhaps the most well-known heretic, and in Rome it was Jesus of Nazareth. Both Socrates and Jesus faced political charges. However, Socrates was more of a political man than Jesus was.First, there was evidence suggesting that Socrates may have committed political crimes in Athens. Athens was an ancient Democracy, and freedom of speech was highly prized in the courts and among the common people. However, Socrates was executed despite the existence of this freedom. This implies that he tried to overthrow the democracy and begin a dictatorship. According to I. F. Stone, anti-democrats established short dictatorships in 411 B.C. and 404 B.C. Because Socrates was also a well-known anti-democrat, Athenians were afraid of another dictatorship. For this reason, Socrates was not put on trial until 399 B.C. after he had been teaching for more than 25 years, even though he was already an old man (Stone).On the other hand, Jesus was not accused of trying to overthrow the government. Instead, Judas Iscariot, one of his 12 disciples, brought Jesus to the chief priests to be crucified, in exchange for 30 pieces of silver (Matthew 26.14-15 King James Version). As a result, he was crucified, even though no specific political charges were brought against him.No one ever revoked Socratess charges. But Judas did try to revoke his bribe to crucify Jesus. In Matthew 27:4, Judas said: I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. But in the same verse, the people did not want to hear what he had to say; their response was: What is that to us? See thou to that (Matthew 27.4).However, both Socrates and Jesus faced religious charges. For Socrates the charge was corrupting the youth, although no specific definition or explanation of the charge â€Å"Socrates and Matthew† was ever given. According to Stone, however, it may have referred to the possibility that Socrates was undermining young Athenians faith in their democracy (Stone). Jesuss charge was blasphemy, because he claimed to be the king of the Jews (Matthew 27.11). However, the governor did not recognize any evil in him (Matthew 27.23). In the end, Jesus was crucified, because the people demanded it and took responsibility for his crucifixion (Matthew 27.25).Another difference between Socrates and Jesus was the justification of each verdict. In the book of Matthew, there were no references to people feeling justified long after the crucifixion of Jesus. However, more than 50 years after the trial of Socrates, the Greek orator Aeschines said: Men of Athens, you executed Socrates, the sophist, because he was clearly responsible for the education of Critias, one of the thirty anti-democratic leaders (qtd. in Stone). This quote proves that if Socrates had not been executed, yet another dictatorship could have been established in the democratic city o f Athens. It is also interesting to note that Socrates never left Athens during the reign of the 30 tyrants, who were all dictators. It was as if he were overseeing their work, and he was one of very few people who were not banished, put into exile, or murdered for not supporting the 30 tyrants (Stone).As a matter of fact, the only reference to how people felt after the crucifixion of Jesus was one of remorse. Matthew 27:54 reads: Now when the centurion, and they that were with him, watching Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were done, they feared greatly, saying, Truly this was the Son of God.In addition, Jesus was not accused of corrupting the youth, as Socrates was. In contrast, Xenophon, a witness at the trial of Socrates, later reported that during the trial, â€Å"Socrates and Matthew†   someone accused Socrates of teaching people to despise the way minor government offices were filled by lot. This unnamed accuser also said that Socrates taught his pupi ls that the government should be run by experts, rather than by popular vote in the assembly (Stone). Although Xenophon was a follower of Socrates, he did not deny these accusations. Furthermore, he later stated that Socrates was accused of corrupting the young by teaching them the things previously mentioned (Stone). Xenophon denied this charge, but it is, nonetheless, a charge and an accusation. This, along with the fact that he did not deny the first two charges, proves that Socrates was an extremely political man.There are other political reasons for the condemnation of Socrates. According to Stone, Athens granted amnesty toward the 30 tyrants, as long as they stopped being dictators. After this, their past actions were not brought up again, and Athenians kept their oath and acted honorably toward the former tyrants (Stone). However, Socrates was prosecuted and condemned, because he continued teaching his anti-democratic philosophy even after the democracy was re-established (St one). Jesus, on the other hand, was not accused of being a dictator, and there was no evidence to suggest that he continued teaching after receiving a warning like Socrates did after the Athenian democracy was rebuilt.In conclusion, Socrates was more of a political man than Jesus of Nazareth. Although there is no record of the entire trial, there is enough evidence, if not to justify the condemnation of Socrates, then certainly to conclude that he was much more political than Jesus was. This evidence includes the fact that Xenophon did not deny the charges that Socrates did not agree with how the Athenian government was run, and that Socrates â€Å"Socrates and Matthew† continued his anti-democratic teachings after the re-establishment of the Greek democracy.

Arbitration and Conciliation (amendment )Act 2015 Essays

Arbitration and Conciliation (amendment )Act 2015 Essays Arbitration and Conciliation (amendment)Act 2015 Key Provisions of Bill Mandatory for arbitrators to settle disputes within 12 months. This period can be extended by 6 months only by a court on sufficient cause. Cut the fees of arbitrators if the court finds that the delay has been caused due to arbitrators. Rewarding arbitrators with extra fees in case the matter is disposed of within 6 months and the parties agree to pay more. Empower arbitration tribunals to grant all kinds of interim measures that courts provide. Thus giving more teeth to them in order to make tribunals directives enforceable in the same manner as those of courts. KEY AMENDMENTS: The Amendment Act has introduced some major changes in the principal Act. A brief summary of the following key amendments for quick reference: Amendment to definition of the term Court in Section 2(e): Definition of the term Court is amended to provide that certain provisions of Part I of the Act such as interim relief (section 9), court assistance in taking evidence (section 27) and appeal to interim relief order under section 9 (section 37) shall also apply to International Commercial Arbitration, even if the place of arbitration is outside India, subject to an agreement to the contrary between the parties to the dispute. In case of International Commercial Arbitration, the High Court shall be the court for reliefs under the Act. Amendment to Section 7: An Arbitration agreement contained in the form of communication through electronic means shall also be treated as an arbitration agreement in writing Amendment to Section 8: Unless the judicial authority finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists, said judicial authority shall refer to the parties to the Arbitration on the action brought by party to arbitration agreement or person claiming through or under him. If the party applying for reference to arbitration has not having original or certified copy of arbitration agreement between them but the said copy is retained by other party then such party can make application to the Court to call upon other party to produce original or certified true of the arbitration agreement before that court. Amendment to Section 9: Where the Court passes an order for any interim measure under sub-section (1) of Section 9 before the commencement of arbitral proceedings, the arbitral proceedings shall be commenced within a period of ninety days from the date of such order. It further provides that once the arbitral tribunal is constituted, the Court shall not entertain an application for interim measure unless it finds circumstances that may render the remedy provided under section 17 inefficacious Amendment to Section 11: Appointment of arbitrator shall now be made by the Supreme Court or the High Court, as the case may be, instead of the Chief Justice of India or the Chief Justice of the High Court. An application for appointment of arbitrator(s) shall be disposed of as expeditiously as possible and an endeavor shall be made to dispose of the matter within a period of sixty days from the date of service of notice on the opposite party. The High Court is empowered to frame rules for the purpose of determination of fees of the arbitral tribunal and the manner of such payment. The High Court while framing rules shall take into account the rates of fee specified in the Fourth Schedule to the Act. Amendment to Section 12: Ensuring neutrality of arbitrators, when a person is approached in connection with the possible appointment as arbitrator, he is required to disclose in the writing the existence of any relationship or interest of any kind which is likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his neutrality. He is also required to disclose any circumstances which are likely to affect his ability to devote sufficient time to the arbitration and complete the arbitration within the specified period. A person having relationships as specified in the Seventh Schedule shall be ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator; For example: The arbitrator is an employee, consultant, advisor or has any other past or present business relationship with a party to the dispute; or the arbitrator is a manager, director or part of the management, or has a similar controlling influence over the parties

Women's roles in society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's roles in society - Research Paper Example The development of feminist’s movements and the increased awareness about the capabilities of women forced male communities to accept the identity of women in a more liberal manner. In liberal societies, today’s women enjoy the same freedom as that of men; they can work in any professions they like and engage in any activities they like. For example, Canada is the fourth country in the world to legalize gay and lesbian marriage (Dube). In other words, Canada has not shown any discrimination while legalizing same sex marriage; along gay marriage, lesbian marriage was also legalized in Canada. At the same time, it should be noted that in countries like Saudi Arabia, women are not even allowed to drive their vehicles. BBC (17 June 2011) has reported that a women was arrested in Saudi Arabia in May 2011, for uploading a video of herself driving a vehicle. â€Å"Manal al-Sherif was accused of "besmirching the kingdom's reputation abroad and stirring up public opinion", but was released after 10 days having promised not to drive again† (Saudi Arabia women drive cars in protest at ban). From the above two incidents it is evident that the roles of women in liberal societies are changing rapidly whereas in traditional societies, it remains the same. Thompson (2010) has mentioned that â€Å"jobs for women were largely limited to work as household servants during ancient times† (Thompson). Dr. Benson et al, (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"women in some cultures have been denied access to education or there may be no education system due to circumstances in their country† (Dr. Benson et al, p.359). Lack of education or denial of educational opportunities forced women in totalitarian countries like Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan etc to limit their activities within the boundaries of their house. The over influence of religion over social life is the major reason for the underdevelopment of women life in these countries. It should be noted th at even in communist China, the role of women has been changed drastically over the last few decades. Africa is a region which is famous for totalitarian or autocratic administrations. Even the African women enjoy much more freedom than the women in fundamental Muslim societies. The leadership roles women have played in the development of various African societies cannot be underestimated. The contributions of women towards the social, economic, political and educational developments of African societies cannot also be gainsaid. In fact, traditional African society attached no importance to gender issues because every individual had a role to play both in the family as well as in the larger society (Afisi, p.230) It is evident from the above discussions that the major obstacle which prevents women from development is not politics, but religion or religious beliefs. Western countries are more aware of the changing roles of women in society and they are ready to make necessary changes in their social life. As stated earlier, women in western countries can engage in all activities in which their male counterparts engaged in. For example, it should be noted that many biggest organizations like Pepsi are currently run by women CEO’s. Such things were unimaginable around thirty or forty years before. The capabilities of women in handling pressure and undertaking risky jobs are well accepted by the western societies. However, the conditions of the women in third world are not like that in the western world. In third world, women are still considered as second class citizens. â€Å"They are denied even some of the fundamental rights and privileges which are so essential for the preservation of human dignity†

Access to Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Access to Care - Essay Example The article indicates that the healthcare reform in Massachusetts has triggered growth of total healthcare employment per capita. However, the growth was primarily based on administrative occupations and patient care support professionals and not amongst physicians and nurses. This is probably because the physicians complained of the administrative burden that the law imposed on them. The program may be costly because of the need to employ more physician and nurses. Increased access to care will have a great impact on physician who may in turn get dissatisfied with their jobs and perhaps quit. The increased access will promote third party payment arrangements, which largely compromises the independence and integrity of the medical profession. Moreover, the physicians will be subjected to increased government regulation as well as oversight and will mostly be dependent on unreliable government reimbursement for medical services thus resulting into tremendous pressure amongst the practitioners. Patient centered health care reform should be adopted that restores doctor patient relationship thus making physicians the key decision makers in the delivery of care as patients become key decision makers in financial care but not the government. Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., & Buerhaus, Peter R.N. (2011). Health Care Reform and the Health Care Workforce -- The Massachusetts Experience.  The New England Journal of Medicine,  365(12), e24. Retrieved from