Performance management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance management - Dissertation Example The project aims to bring forth how performance management has evolved as a necessary tool in improving and enhancing productivity of employees in organizations. The organization chosen for the study is Saudi Telecom Company.Saudi Arabia has demonstrated rapid demographic changes which accounts as its main determinant of political and economic stability. In particular, it is the ability of a nation to develop its human resources that determines the success of its organizations in the long run. The main purpose of the study is to show that employee performance in Saudi Telecom has increased and has improved by the implementation of its system of performance management. Saudi Arabia represents the largest proportion of nationals in the nation’s labor force. The presence of a huge proportion of the population in the labour force of Saudi Arabia is one major reason for organisations to practice and implement performance management (Looney, 1991). Saudi Telecom Company is considere d to be the leading national provider of telecommunication services in Saudi Arabia. Established in the year 1998, the company has gradually transformed its business from that of a government system to a recognised commercial business. The company’s clear emphasis on strategies focuses on reorganisation and the development and re-skilling of its staff and the development of processes to cater to meeting its customer needs and requirements (Saudi Telecom Company, 2011). ... The company also enables managers from other organisations to take part in the program for developing and improving their own performance (South Texas College, 2006, p.26). The present research seeks to understand the effectiveness of the system on the performance of employees and the organisation. The performance would be evaluated in the areas of human resources, financial issues, management and leaderships, organisation behaviour, communication and personal development. Research Question The research question for the study has been provided below. To what extent has the performance of employees improved in Saudi Telecom Company by implementation of the system of performance management? There is a positive relationship between performance and productivity of employees in organizations. The answer to this question would reveal the extent to which this purpose can be fulfilled. It would also throw light on the fact that business goals and objectives can be met through the implementat ion of proper performance management plans. Moreover, the answer would help the organization to plan its system of performance appraisal. The result of the study would help to identify areas which need to be addressed due to poor performance and also the areas of good performance which need to be improved. The results would also help to recognize and reward the performance of employees (Kota, n.d., p.16). Research Aims and Objectives The research paper would deal with the impact of performance management in the performance of employees in Saudi Telecom. In this regard, it would present different aspects of performance management and the way it influences performance of individuals. Based on the research question that

Health care Essay Example for Free

Health care Essay 1a. What model of healthcare does the US and your chosen country have (Japan)? Be very specific. The United States has a healthcare system that is different from almost every country in the world. I would call the United States health care system a hybrid type system. I would call our system a hybrid because we fall into almost every type of category possible when it comes to health care; for instance, people who are uninsured have to pay out-of-pocket when they want to see a doctor versus someone who is insured and only has to pay a deductable. Many companies in the United States offer free medical care for employers, or they make health care insurance fairly cheap to afford. Unlike many countries our healthcare system is a little rocky. Insurance companies can drop you for being to high risk leaving you stranded to find another insurance company or leaving you to pay out-of-pocket. Our system has forced many of our fellow citizens homeless, or with masses amount of debt. Japan on the other hand has a Universal healthcare, in which everyone is covered up to 70% of the cost. Japan’s healthcare is much cheaper than hear in America because in Japan, it is accustom to their culture that a family member acts as a nurse, in which they help assist with the patient. In Japan, they have separate hospital beds in the room for a person from the family to sleep in. The family member acts like a nurse by providing food, cleaning, and changing sheet just to name a few. People from Japan who are employed but do not receive health coverage from their company, can participate in a national health insurance program offered and controlled by their government. People in Japan cannot be denied coverage unlike our healthcare in America, and by law Japans hospitals have to be a non-profit hospital which is run by physicians. 1b. In 10 sentences or less [emphasis on less], describe the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance and Out-of-Pocket models. The Beveridge model is named after William Beveridge and was designed/implemented in Britain’s National Health Service. This system is funded by the government through tax payments, similar to how a public library works. According to PBS, â€Å"Bismarck-type health insurance plans have to cover everybody, and they dont make a profit. Doctors and hospitals tend to be private in Bismarck countries†(Health care systemthe four basic models, 2008. ). â€Å"Universal health care is a term that refers to a governmental system meant to ensure that every citizen or resident of a region has access to the required medical services†(What is universal health care, 2003-2013). According to TLC, â€Å"An out-of-pocket expense is a no reimbursable expense paid by a patient. This could include any medical benefits that your health plan doesnt consider covered services. But out-of-pocket expenses can also include covered expenses that you are responsible for before your health-plan benefits kick in at 100 percent coverage. When the insurance company pays all of your expenses and you have to pay only your monthly premium, you have reached the out-of-pocket maximum’’(Jeffries, M. , 2013). 2a. What types of healthcare plans are available in each country? You must discuss each in detail. The US has managed care plans [Health Maintenance Organizations, Preferred Provider Organizations, Exclusive Provider Organizations, Point of Service Plans], and indemnity coverage as well as Medicaid and Medicare and your countrys plan so you need to touch on them all in order to be detailed in your response. The United States has a managed care plan; managed care is used to help control cost. For instance, lets say you are rushed to the hospital, the first thing they EMT’s will ask you regardless how hurt you are â€Å"do you have insurance†. It is sad that the United States has such a terrible health care system. The United States utilizes HMO, which is health maintenance organization, this plans limits the amount of doctors you can see. This is where a person pays a monthly premium in exchange they are covered for hospital visits, pediatric care, x-rays, and many other services our health care has to offer. The person who utilizes this plan generally has to pay co-pay, which the cost varies depending on the type of plan you have. Many people like this type of plan because when you go to the doctor you don’t need to fill out claim forms. Members show a card when they go to the doctor or hospital. The downfall to this plan is that you might have to wait longer in the waiting room. Another plan the United States has is called point-of-service plan. This plan allows the members of the plan to refer themselves to an outside plan and still be able to obtain some coverage. A doctor can also make a referral out of the network and in-turn the health care plan will pay for most if not the entire bill. A preferred provider organization is another type of plan offered by the United States. Just like the health maintenance organization, the preferred provider organization limits you to the number of doctors you can see, but when you do find the right doctor most of your medical bills are covered. The preferred provider organization requires you to choose a primary care physician in order to monitor your health care. If you elect to go to a doctor who is not part of this plan, some of the medical expenses are covered. I deem some people like this plan because if their primary care doctor is not part of the plan, they don’t have to change doctors. According to Health Insurance. Info â€Å"An Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) is a network of individual medical care providers, or groups of medical care providers, who have entered into written agreements with an insurer to provide health insurance to subscribers. In EPO, medical care providers enter a mutually beneficial relationship with an insurer. The insurer reimburses an insured subscriber only if the medical expenses are derived from the designated network of medical care providers. The established network of medical care providers in turn provide subscribed patients medical services at significantly lower rates than what would have been under normal circumstances. In exchange for reduced rates of medical services, medical care providers get a steady stream of business†(Exclusive provider organization, 2010. ). Japan has a national health insurance plan; this plan for people who are not covered by their employer. You can obtain this health care plan by living in Japan for a year. Japan does have universal health coverage as well, but this plan varies between each individual. Some factors that affect this plan are: visiting, studying, working, your age just to name a few. Your premium that you pay depends on your salary you make for the year, so the cost varies for every individual. In Japan their health care system provides free examinations for specific diseases, infectious diseases and parental care. The government pays up to 70% of the cost for every citizen and foreigners who have lived in the country for a year or longer. Japan has an awesome health care plan compared to the United States, and I deem this is why their economy is flourishing and they have one of the healthiest populations in the world. People in Japan have a longer life expectancy compared to any other county in the world; I deem this is due to the bombing health care, their life style choices, and knowledge. 3a. What alternatives are available if an individual loses their healthcare due to job loss? In the US there is more than one alternative. Please be specific for each country. People in Japan are covered no matter what happens to their job. They have a universal health care system in which their government pays up to 70% of their entire cost for any medical bill. People, who don’t have a job, hardly have to pay any coverage when they are ill no matter how severe their condition is. Unlike Japan, in the United States you generally will loose your health benefits, or you will have till the end of the month to utilize it. Some employers will allow you to have your benefits for 26 weeks, which is ample time to find another job with health benefits. You will have to file a claim through your place of work in order to do this action. 4a. The storage of healthcare records are evolving? Describe what EHR, EMR and the cloud are with respect to this evolving technology. We want to see a minimum of five points per explanation. â€Å"An electronic record of health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization†(What is emr and ehr, 2013. ). EHR’s has some great benefits, one great benefit it has over paper records is that it can notify a doctor or physician that a patient is due for a routine check up. Another benefit is that it makes it almost virtually impossible to loose or misplace someone’s records. I like the fact that you can call your doctor and ask them to just simply print and mail you your medical records with all of your medical history; it makes it much easier for a patient to access. I deem one day that doctors will be able to email, or have an app where a patient can access their medical records electronically just for viewing or printing purposes. According to Healthit. gov â€Å"An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of a paper chart that contains all of a patient’s medical history from one practice. An EMR is mostly used by providers for diagnosis and treatment†(What is an electronic medical record, 2012. ). This is not as beneficial in my opinion as EHR’s are. The reason I feel this way is because EMR’s can only access medical files from one practice. Many people have more than one doctor such as an eye doctor, physician, and even a dentist. All these different practices utilize some sort of medical history that you have compiled over a certain time span. The cloud is a database where every doctor you encounter can access you files. Many people have mixed views about this so called â€Å"cloud†. From a doctors point of view it is great! They can see your medical history for every doctor you have been to. Some people may deem this to be a violation of HIPPA. Many people find it an invasion to their privacy and why would a physician need access to any of my other files. One benefit is doctors can see specific medicines you maybe allergic to that you may have for got to inform them about. 5a. What problems are associated with each country’s healthcare plan(s)? Details please. The United States health care system has many flaws; one is hospitals tend to over price patients. I learned from my Health Law and Ethics class, that some hospitals charge unnecessary charges such as $10. 00 for a cup they carry you medicine in. If you are in the hospital for some time that really adds up quickly! Another flaw our health care system has is over spending on testing. Our country spends more money on test with their patients than any other country. I read an article that a patient was experiencing heart burn constantly and rather than giving a $1,200 stress test (way over priced if you ask me) the doctor charged the patient with a $8,000 CT scan. Many insurance companies will not accept a patient who has had previous records of specific diseases or any chronic condition in fear that they will have to pay too much for their care. If a person who is young and can’t qualify for Medicare, Medicade, and does not have company medical benefits, they have to pay out of pocket. Japan is known for having one of the most superior health care systems in the world. One flaw that it has is a surprisingly high suicide rate. One study showed that these suicides were due to health problems. Japan has a high cancer rate because of the obsessive smoking and drinking in their country.

The Merchant of Venice Essay example -- Merchant of Venice Essays

William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is one of his most controversial plays for a variety of reasons. Written in sixteenth-century England, where anti-Semitism was common and the presence of Jews was not, the play poses many questions concerning racial, religious and human difference. The play is especially tricky to examine in today’s society, as its anti-Semitic themes and language can be uncomfortable to face in a world post-Holocaust. Additionally, the depiction of the relationship between Jews and Christians, which has always been an ambivalent one, adds a very interesting albeit difficult dimension to this play. Ultimately, through dramatic plot and distinctive characters, The Merchant of Venice explores what it means to be Jewish and what it means to be Christian. A closer analysis of these opposing groups unearths inconsistencies between what the characters preach versus what they practice, as well as their problematic notions of justice, mercy and love. Though he clearly fulfills the role of the villain and main antagonist in this play, the character of Shylock is extremely complex and multi-dimensional. He seems to have two sides that can be emphasized or played up in order to create a fundamentally different play, as has been done many times throughout history; post-Holocaust reproductions, for example, are obviously radically unlike than ones that may have come before (Rich 1). In most modern adaptations, Shylock is seen as a sympathetic character, perhaps due in part to the widespread acceptance in most modern societies of those from varying religious and racial backgrounds. However, it is entirely possible that Shakespeare, who was a genius playwright famous for his complex and multi-faceted characters, del... ... actually considered this a happy ending for the Shylock character (4); by converting he is â€Å"saved† from the possibility that â€Å"misfortune [may] cross†¦ / †¦ a faithless Jew† (2.4.35-37). This paper barely scratched the surface of the religious and moral complexity that is The Merchant of Venice, but it is clearly a complicated play and for many reasons: the racially charged tension, the anti-Semitic language and the morally ambiguous characters. What makes this play so exciting is that it provides neither answers nor apologies, provoking the ongoing disagreement as to what is really happening in this play. Shakespeare’s multi-layered characters and complicated representations of mercy, justice, love, religion and difference produce a remarkable piece of work that has kept people talking and guessing for centuries, and is sure to continue to for centuries to come.

Essay --

Skin Cancer My topic has to do with the skin because it is about skin cancer which, obviously, occurs on the skin .Skin cancer is an abnormal and somewhat rapid growth of skin cells. Often occurs in areas of the skin that is exposed to the sun. UV rays from the sun can cause mutations to the cells we learned about such as the basal cell, squamous cell, and melanoma. In the United States the most common form of cancer is probably skin cancer. About 3.5 million cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancer are recorded each year in the United States alone. There are three major types of skin cancer. Those would be basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal and squamous cell cancers are set apart from the more dangerous and serious type of cancer which would be melanoma. The two got their names because they usually start in the basal cells or squamous cells. â€Å"Most basal and squamous cell cancers develop on sun-exposed areas of the skin, like the face, ear, neck, lips, and the backs of the hands. Depending on the type, they can be fast or slow growing, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body.† (ACS) Because they don’t usually spread to other parts of the body, basal and squamous cell cancers are considered less dangerous compared to the melanoma. As of 2013 there have been 76,600 cases of melanoma and causes more than 9,000 of the 12,000 skin cancer deaths each year. Like most or all skin cancer melanoma is almost always curable in its early stages. Basal cell cancers are strange, uncontrolled growths that occur on the outermost layer of the epidermis. This type of cancer often looks like red patches, open sores, shiny bumps, or scars. They can become highly disfigured if they are all... ...y, and biological therapy. Freezing is when the doctor freezes the cancer cells using liquid nitrogen; the dead tissue will come off when it thaws. Excisional is when the doctor cuts off the cancerous tissue. Laser therapy uses an intense beam of light to break down and destroy growths without heavily damaging the surrounding tissues. Mohs surgery is for larger, more difficult cancers. The doctor removes the skin growth layer by layer and examines each one until none of the growth remains. Radiation therapy is used when doctors are unable to perform surgeries. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill the cancer cells. If the cancer is at the top layer then creams would be used but if it is deeper down then drugs could be injected into the blood stream through veins. Biological therapy uses biological treatments to stimulate the immune system to kill the cancer cells.

February Action Essay

So, after my great holidays, back to reality. In this case, it meant moving flats. I moved out of my friends’ flat and in with two Mexican siblings, girl (spoilt acting student) and boy (pain in the ass lawyer student). (The statements in this part are highly influenced by later experiences with the two people, I got along with them and their family fine.) And when I moved I found the flat under water. So the first thing I did was spend hours soaking towels. Apart from that the two were always nice to me, the guy was almost never there and the girl went home on weekends, so I had the place to myself a lot, which was great. The flat was on the ground floor, so despite great sunny weather outside, I lived in freezing conditions. But it was well-located for work and social life. My room consisted of a bed and a built in cupboard (already provided) and a very useful box (which I found on the street and stayed with me until I moved out). I started working too†¦giving English classes in the Bank of Mexico, some 20 hours a week, all 1-1 classes with mostly enjoyable students. As I had already found a football team, it meant I had found friends who took me out, to the cinema and every sunday the PUMAS (one of the local teams) game was a must. I was introduced to the stadium, the anthem (!!!!) and the during match entertainment (beer and crisps) and the after match entertainment (more beer, discussion of game, and strange activities like having electric shocks outside of the stadium). Although not completely my description of a great time, it was good fun nevertheless. I otherwise spent quite lazy weekends, enjoying the company of my friend Itziar and playing football. At the end of February, the football girls had a huge party, which was great great fun, a lovely, welcoming group of girls who know how to party. There I became better friends with a lot of them, which was very nice. The party was full of good food, dancing, dancing and dancing and when it ended, we decided to go to a friends’ house to continue the party, but we all ended up falling asleep there. So some good weekend action. I was invited by the family of my flatmates to Cuernavaca, which is the getaway for inhabitants of the big City. (btw, if New York City is the Big Apple, Mexico City must be something like the Big Papaya) I went out on the Saturday morning by bus and then spent quite a relaxed time in the house, which is quite a bit outside of the city center. We had a lovely meal and then they took me into the city center, where they, interestingly enough, put me on the tourist bus and I went around on that. Pity really, because the main square had some really interesting and fun dancing and singing going on, surrounded by people selling handcrafts and other oddities. So the bus ride was quite amusing, lots of historically interesting information that I forget while the guide is finishing the sentence. Cuernavaca is a nice city and the bus also took us on a walk through some park/ravine, which was also umm†¦nice. Then in the evening I met the family to have supper at a very good Italian restaurant before we headed back to their house, where I fell right to sleep (tired from the party, obviously). Sunday just meant a long sleep, another nice meal and then the return journey back to the city. So I got a look at what Cuernavaca was like, which was enjoyable. Next time, I’ll just go by myself to see more of the place instead of seeing it wizzing by from the Touribus.

Best Swedish Schools to study interior design

Best Swedish Schools to study interior design Studying Interior Design in Sweden Interior design is one of the modern streams within the educational specialization variety. People are interested in living in beautiful and extraordinary apartments. More and more of young people try to fulfill their potential and creativity in developing interior design. Modern materials and settings enable designers to arrange unique and superb design, saturated with varieties of colors and forms, making the house or office a comfortable and aesthetic place for living, working or entertainment. To be an interior designer is not simply to furnish the room and allocate decorative components within the living or working space. To become mature in this sphere, one should have profound skills in drawing, color perception, taste, know interior design styles and be able to embody all this stuff in the practice. Today interior designer can hardly work without knowing corresponding computer programs for creating drafts and sketches for their customers. So as you see, studying to acquire designer degree is rather labor-consuming activity, which requires great effort. Besides your efforts, it is important to select a nice school, which can become your guide into the world of design and provide necessary qualification for your future carrier. In regard to interior design a lot of people trust their training to Swedish schools and universities. Great amount of educational institutions in Sweden with brilliant reputation can become the access for your professional carrier as a designer. Umeà ¥ Institute of Design This university provides training of the specialists in the direction of industrial design and offers five academic programs for its students. To acquire a Bachelor degree at this university one needs to pass the three-year training program. The great advantage is that education in this university is free. The education is provided only in Swedish, which can be considered as a drawback. The university also offers three international programs for obtaining Master degree. Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design This institution is one of the biggest Swedish schools, which provides training in design, arts and crafts. Almost 900 students come at the university each year to receive Bachelor and Master degrees. This school has great educational and research facilities, numerous workshops, which enable students to develop their practical skills in painting, weaving, ceramics and sculpture. HDK School of Design and Crafts HDK School of Design and Crafts provides great opportunities of training. You can undertake a short or a long term course in the school, according to your needs and circumstances. The school arranges exhibitions all the time, where students can participate. And that is a great opportunity to present your works for the potential customers and to receive first experience while studying. They offer a PhD program in design and arts. All information about start time of the courses and time when you can enroll for them is available at their website. KKH Royal Institute of Art This school has a great number of Swedish students, but it also welcomes the students from other countries. Due to well-equipped workshops, they welcome also the students with disabilities. The institute offers one-year guest program in fine arts, three-year Bachelor program, two-year Master program and PhD program for their student. This school also offers such courses as Restoration Art, Architecture Art and Architecture. The institute directs their students to development of practical skills along with the research work, which is motivated by well-arranged educational facilities. Apparently, Swedish design schools represent a great training opportunity for those, who do not want just to admire beautiful things and pieces of art, but for those, who want to create them. If you want to make your mark within the interior design sphere, do your best to take care of the appropriate education, which will spread your wings of creativity and success.

Enervation essays

Enervation essays The enervation of Hoards Path On the misty morning of September, yellow leaves fell as the water crippled the path of the rocks that lay between the erratic waves that stung the water like a cacophonous bee. The lake was surrounded by a huge park named Hoards path. The first time I entered the park a strong aversion came upon me. The mystery of the park held heavily on me and I wondered about the caricature of the waves which puzzled me about the dependability of the waves staying where they were and not blowing me into the lake like a dog that was being pulled in because of the coercion of the waves. When I reached a consensus with my friends about going there in a week we were all exited about exploring the place. My friend knowing of this place warned we about the daunting stories he had heard abut the place and that a kid died a few years ago. The body was never found. On Sunday we headed down the prodigious slope of the Hoards path. The fresh scent of the air gave me a scrupulous outlook on what was to come ahead for us. As we traveled down the volatile slope we felt that the slope was trying to usurp our power and bring us down to the floor. We kept right through the tracks of the slope as the rain water came sprinkling down on us. It was more difficult to reach there since the water made it much more difficult. At about 2:00 PM we reached Hoards path. As we reached the lake to refresh ourselves we felt that someone was watching us. The uneasy levity of this situation from my friends gave me a troubled look. The odd thing is that nothing happened that night. Actually we went there every day to play and relax in the park and we even swam in the lake. I was thinking how such a dark place could make me feel at home. I referred to it as a capricious place always changing its mind as if ...

Europe essays

Europe essays Europe in the 12th century A.D. was in many ways the same as Europe in the 14th century, but in certain key ways it was also different, with many changes for the better. First of all, in the 12th century, Europe was still in the Middle Ages. Emphasis was on religion, and science was not very advanced. However, towards the 14th century, things began to change. This was the beginning of the Renaissance, a period of a revival in classical learning, new scientific discoveries, and new The government in the Middle Ages was based on feudalism. Feudalism is when people flock to a lord and pledge their allegiance to him, becoming his vassals. They agreed to serve him on his manor and/or become part of his army. Vassals would also pledge to bring more armed men to the lord's cause in times of war. In exchange for this service, the lord pledged to provide protection and security for all of his vassals. This seemed a fairly even trade in these rough and chaotic times, and so many people were thus becoming vassals of lords. Feudalism began because weak kings needed to transfer power over to other people, because they could not handle it all themselves. However, feudalism was a good arrangement for many people in the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, however, the notion of the lord's army consisting of vassals became obsolete with the onset of mercenary armies and the formation of towns and cities. Therefore, feudalism ceased to exist in the Renaissance. During the Renaissance, nations, towns, and cities came to exist. With these came the feeling of patriotism and loyalty to one's ruler. The rulerships of towns, nations, and cities also began with the development of strong monarchies and kingdoms. This resulted from the breakdown of feudalism. The people still looked for protection, and since there were no more feudal manors, the king assumed the role of protector. ...

Business Ethics, Governance and Social Responsibility Assignment

Business Ethics, Governance and Social Responsibility - Assignment Example There has been a drastic change in the corporate environment over the years, and owing to the increasing technological development, people across the globe are not only more connected to one another but also have become aware of the negative consequences of irresponsible corporate governance on the part of giant multinational organizations. As a result, firms today are increasingly under pressure to perform not only financially, but also ethically as well. The managers and leaders are of organizations are now increasingly expected to address a range of social and environmental causes and problems including climate change, poverty, and even HIV/ AIDS. It is due to this changing facet of corporate governance and the increasing popularity of concepts such as Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics and Ethical leadership, that the organizations are now required to be increasingly responsible and transparent in their approach in order to maintain their credibility, brand image an d public trust in the industry, or risk facing wide scale public backlash and pay millions of dollars in fines and compensations. Business ethics refers to "the study of business situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed" (Crane & Matten, 2010, p. 5). This definition is used in this study to discuss the ethical stance of the Royal Dutch Shell Plc., and the various key issues surrounding the company. With regard to organizations, the concept of ethics refers to the transparency in its corporate activities, accurate reporting of accounting and financial statements, and honest disclosure of its health and safety policies as well as the likely impact of its activities on the community and the environment at large. Business ethics and ethical reporting of business activities by companies has assumed increased significance over the years. Hence it has become imperative for organizations involved in business such as Oil &

My summer place(after I read once more to the lake) Essay

My summer place(after I read once more to the lake) - Essay Example My two brothers and I would visit Crystal Lake twice a year, usually during our summer break. The years had passed, and the inevitable had happened, we had all grown apart. One of my brothers moved to the east, the other to the west, and we hadn’t spoken in quite some time. It was the morning of my birthday. I was staring out the window at the rain pouring from the ceilings of the heavens, covering the streets turning them into a swarm of distant rivers. I lay on my bed dreaming about the calmness of the lake and the never ending beauty that I for so long had seemed to have forgotten. For it was now only a dream inside my empty soulless mind. Too many years had passed and too many things had been forgotten. The memories were now merely a torn out page of an old book I had lost. And I too, just like that book, had been lost as well. The thoughts circling around in my head, like a dusty wind storm, started to give impressions of eagerness. I knew deep down inside me, that I couldn’t just sit here, on my birthday, again. I collected all of my unorganised thoughts and compiled them into one, sensible plan. I decided that I would venture off back to Crystal Lake. If I didn’t go, I knew I would eventually be driven to insanity. I also determined that I would give my brother’s a call. I hadn’t spoken to them in years, but I knew that Crystal Lake wouldn’t be the same as it was back when we were young without them. Unfortunately, neither brother was home when I called, so I left a message on their answering machines. I informed them that I would be returning to our spot, although I doubt they cared. But that wouldn’t stop me. I would still go on my quest back to Crystal Lake. I packed all of the relevant camping equipment, my large tent which I had kept all these years, together with an assortment of blankets. I had never been much of a fisherman, so I decided to prepare some food to take with

Assume that Canadian Tire is opening up a store in Ghana Essay

Assume that Canadian Tire is opening up a store in Ghana - Essay Example It was dominated by two colonial powers, which are France and Great Britain. In time, Britain was able to dominate both the political and cultural forces in Canada. Two significant communities are distinguished by language, culture, religion and politics and they live separately from each other since they have divergent views on the history of Canada as a nation. In comparison to Ghana, Canada has two distinctive characteristics of everyday consumptions. Canadians are big eaters where meat tends to be the dominating portion of each meal. They have three regular meals in a day where breakfast is the largest and most important meal of the rural people. Canadians take lunch at midday, and the urban people take a snack but it remains an important meal to the rural people. Dinner is the final formal meal of the day, which is taken by residential group as a whole, and it can be extended to nonfamily members. Ghana’s main diet is made up of starchy staples accompanied with soup or stew. Forest crops such as cassava and tropical yams are mostly consumed in the south (Kaminski, 2012). Corn and rice are most important among the Ga community though their main food is fufu combined with cassava. Soup ingredients in many communities include common vegetables accompanied by animal proteins, especially fish. In addition, palm nuts and peanut crops a re the favorite among different communities in Ghana. Indigenous foods are eaten at all social functions even by the western people. It is rare to find restaurants outside urban business districts though most local bars offer various foods to workers and bachelors. Ghana’s economy mostly depends on primary products such as cocoa, gold and timber. International trade contributes to one-third of the GDP while 70 % of export income comes from the latter three major commodities. The domestic economy is mainly involved with primary agriculture

Mysticism in East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Mysticism in East Asia - Essay Example lly under took this belief as its major faith and it was the first country in the east to actually become as modernized and successful as the western countries. Zen is considered to be an important aspect of Buddhism which was followed in Japan. This principle was a part of the faith which mainly came in existence at the time of the Second World War. Though it is believed that Zen was a principle which promoted peace and the coming together of people and also was associated with the modernization of Japan, it is also considered to be the reason for the disastrous nuclear bombings that took place during this war. The reason behind this is that it promoted success and it pushed Japan towards breaking the western domination. Dogen is considered to be the central figure in the belief of Zen. His presentation of Zen showed that it was the ultimate form of leading a life. He considered peace of mind and meditation to be the ultimate reality of life. He taught the princggggiples of Buddhism explaining the fact that mind and body should be brought together. He believed that a person should understand his soul and that a person should spend time every day by not thinking and completely concentrating. He would then achieve spiritual level and become a true Buddha. The teachings of Dogen concentrated upon the understanding of the self and the unity of the body and soul which should be able to work in alignment. Dogen laid great stress upon the understanding of the inner self. His teachings present a picture that a person could achieve success if he achieved an understanding of his inner world properly and for that proper consideration of time and concentration was important. He explained that a proper inner appearance was necessary for a proper external appearance and external presentation. His teachings can also be considered to have an impact on modernity. Though he presented his teachings in the thirteenth century, they were understood and utilized by the Japanese in

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Communication in business - Essay Example While on the other end, the ideology that - social aspect of business is indispensable and an inevitable part of corporate management, is stressed. Where one group argues that the sole purpose of a business is to maximize profits and create value for shareholders, the other support Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a part of their corporate agenda. There has been a steady rise in the popularity and significance of CSR and its role in creating an impact on society, and ultimately on the business itself, leading to its adoption and implementation by several corporate giants. Companies across various sectors have taken up social responsibility and their duties towards the society, as a serious and significant part of their corporate agenda (Nelson, 2004). It is evident from the fact that annual report of companies’ now includes sustainability or social reports, where the social activities of a business are proudly displayed alongside the company’s financial reports. Companies today are highly aware of their role in the society and the impact on the everyday lives of its consumers. However, as the role and popularity of CSR continues to rise, an equally significant number of companies, across Europe are steadily moving towards the adoption of the conventional Anglo-Saxon shareholder value model – with greater emphasis on profits, sidelining social responsibility in the process. It is on account of this very reason, that the debates surrounding the purpose and role of business in society, has assumed global significance (The Economist, 2005). The role of business in society: According to some, the main purpose of business is to create wealth and maximize shareholder value, while others consider benefit to society as a part of business. However, regardless of the conflicting ideologies, the fact that business is arguably, the only human activity, which has a far reaching impact on the society, cannot be denied. It has the ability to assemb le and accumulate human resources, on a large scale, who are engaged in the production of goods and services for public consumption, while generating profits in the process. Business not only generates profits for the stakeholders and owners but also create value to the society in the form of employment and providing a source of livelihood to millions of people. It is on account of this reason, that the role of business in society is far greater than merely generating profits and hence, companies today have readily incorporated the ethical and moral principles as a part of their corporate responsibility. Companies nowadays, strictly adhere to their social responsibility with the same zest and fervor as they comply in case of their legal obligations. The role of business in society, thus has widened in the recent years and has moved beyond the legal, financial and economic obligations to include social and environmental obligations as well (Blowfield, Murray, 2008). Arguments against corporate social responsibility Milton Friedman subscribed to the classical economic school of thought which contend that business has one and only one responsibility – towards the shareholders and owners and that social issues do not and must not figure on the list of corporate objectives. He further stated that social aspects are taken care of -by and in a free market economy, and in case it fails to do so, then it becomes the responsibility of the government, but business

Mysticism in East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Mysticism in East Asia - Essay Example lly under took this belief as its major faith and it was the first country in the east to actually become as modernized and successful as the western countries. Zen is considered to be an important aspect of Buddhism which was followed in Japan. This principle was a part of the faith which mainly came in existence at the time of the Second World War. Though it is believed that Zen was a principle which promoted peace and the coming together of people and also was associated with the modernization of Japan, it is also considered to be the reason for the disastrous nuclear bombings that took place during this war. The reason behind this is that it promoted success and it pushed Japan towards breaking the western domination. Dogen is considered to be the central figure in the belief of Zen. His presentation of Zen showed that it was the ultimate form of leading a life. He considered peace of mind and meditation to be the ultimate reality of life. He taught the princggggiples of Buddhism explaining the fact that mind and body should be brought together. He believed that a person should understand his soul and that a person should spend time every day by not thinking and completely concentrating. He would then achieve spiritual level and become a true Buddha. The teachings of Dogen concentrated upon the understanding of the self and the unity of the body and soul which should be able to work in alignment. Dogen laid great stress upon the understanding of the inner self. His teachings present a picture that a person could achieve success if he achieved an understanding of his inner world properly and for that proper consideration of time and concentration was important. He explained that a proper inner appearance was necessary for a proper external appearance and external presentation. His teachings can also be considered to have an impact on modernity. Though he presented his teachings in the thirteenth century, they were understood and utilized by the Japanese in

Assignment on Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Assignment on Nokia - Essay Example The Company that has been selected for the study is Nokia. The company is a worldwide leader in the communication industry that has made its presence felt globally. It has stamped its authority through the globe and created an everlasting image in the minds of its consumers. It is interesting to understand that how Nokia has understood and incorporated the various components of creating a unique identity that has made them surge ahead of the competitors. Since Nokia has lead from the front by creating its dominant corporate image, it makes the company an ideal choice for a case study.Company OverviewThe Finnish multinational, Nokia Corporation that is headquartered in Espoo, Finland came into existence in the year 1865, when its founder Fredrik Idestam founded the company. The company mainly focused in manufacturing of mobile devices. It catered to the large market segments including GSM, CDMA and W-CDMA. It also diversified itself into developing internet services and included featu res like music, maps, media and games in its mobile phones. (Moeder, n.d.).The company presently operates in more than 120 countries and its annual global revenue generated is close to â‚ ¬ 50 billion in the year 2008. The company is undoubtedly the world’s largest mobile phones manufacturer with an overall market share of 38% in the Q2 of 2009.The Company has undergone a few conglomerate acquisitions in order to strengthen its foothold in the communication industry. The company acquired Sega in the year 2003, and merged with Siemens.

The Chronicle of Higher Education Essay Example for Free

The Chronicle of Higher Education Essay As I stare at the computer I sometimes wonder whether it is staring back at me also. Every word that I type on the keyboard of my computer comes up letter by letter on the screen that I am staring at. Pictures come to life in front of me and they make me cry, laugh and hate. I wake up every morning and turn my computer on. Hours can pass by and I am totally unaware of it. Instead I am immersed into a world of dungeons and dragons, flying cars and spaceships. My computer makes me a God. I create cities and worlds on my computer. I can create a world where there is no pain and suffering, a Nirvana. My computer gives me my own private paradise where I can forget all about my earthly problems. My computer owns me. The technological advancements that come up every hour, every minute, and every second make me fear what new thing will come up next. What will my computer be able to do next? Will it stand up from the table where it rests and come to my bed to wake me up and ask me to play with it? Will the next generation computers be so fast that it will be humans that will require the next upgrade in order to catch up with them? Will I be forced to do my computers homework or do its research for it because it has become so much smarter than me, that I am useless without it? I am glad and grateful for the technological developments that we have right now, the computer especially. There are so many things that I would be unable to do without the aid of computers. I can no longer imagine doing any report or presentation without the help of my trusted computer. A simple paper like this, to be done by hand, would be unthinkable for me. My brain ceases to function once I turn my computer off. I feel that there is a wire somewhere that is connected to the computer and that all thought is derived from the computer. At this point technology becomes a scary concept. I fear that the whole world would come to a stop if the computers would fail for some reason because that is how dependent we have become on technology. The threat of the Millennium Bug sent Tremors into every household and business empire throughout the world. People took all of their money from their accounts and dug shelters in the ground stocked up wall to wall with the necessities to prepare for the Millennium Bug. Billions of dollars were spent to try and prevent computers all over the world from crashing. Governments spent countless hours creating back up plans if the Millennium Bug did indeed hit. The world held their breath on New Years Eve not because they were thrilled about the coming of the Millennium but because everyone was in anticipation to as to whether everything that we did prevented the coming of the Millennium Bug. WE prevented nothing. There was no Millennium Bug. It was a product of our schizophrenic imagination to create such a monster that would bring upon us the end of days; a product of our fears that we cannot live without technology. I am not an advocate of technology as my paper suggests. Instead I am throwing caution in the wind and am suggesting that we use technology with caution and prevent the creation of a society that is not dependent upon technology to live. To be able to live without worrying about technology failing you, to be able to create a report without worrying about what to do when your computers freezes or a blackout happens. References: Fretcher, H. G. (2000); Power up, Don’t Power Down: Barring students form cell phones, my space, and other communication technologies. Once they enter, the classroom is the wrong approach. A better move would be integrating. Those tools into instructions; The journal (Technological Horizons in Education), Vol. 33 Luke, A. D. (2005); Getting the big picture; community science. Methods that capture context; American journal of community psychology Vol. 35. Rees, William E. (1999). Life in the Lap of Luxury as Ecosystems Collapse. The Chronicle of Higher Education, XLV (47), B4–B5 Goldman, S. , Cole, K. Syer, C. (1999). The technology/content dilemma. Paper presented at The Secretary’s Conference on Educational Technology 1999. [on-line] Available: www. ed. gov/technolology/techConf/1999/whitepapers/paper4. html (retrieved March 14, 2008)

Islamic Finance Issues With Securitization

Islamic Finance Issues With Securitization Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Allah has created people to know Him and worship Him, in observance of His due lordship and divinity. That is why Islam made devotion to Allah the primary requirement of a Muslim after the two witnesses [of No God but Allah, and Mohammad is His Prophet]. Transactions are part of the religious issues that a Muslim performs for the sake of Allah Most High. Every Muslim was keen on having the best conduct in transacting within their effort to get closer to Allah Most High, and to fulfill the best life structure for mankind (Does He who created not know, while He is the Subtle, the Acquainted?)[1]. One of the distinctive characteristics of the nature of transactions, and economy in general and Islamic economy in particular, was its ability to expand, renovate and develop. It has unique flexibility that can accommodate new issues and questions revolving about the needs of people, or the requirements of their transactions. Financial transactions are one of the most important aspects of daily life. They are increasingly active and developing. The forms of doing such transactions are renewed and developed in accordance with modern life activity. One of the latest and most prominent developments was the appearance of securitization process among the financial organizations worldwide. Lots of discussion is held at present about securitization, which means the conversion of illiquid assets to financial papers. In reality, securitization is a modern financial instrument that had initially started in the US, in particular. Many American banks worked hard to securitize their debts. Even though securitization originated in the Western World, Islam does not prohibit us from benefiting from non-Muslim inventions, so long as these inventions do not contradict with the basics of Islamic law and its roots. Interestingly, Islam was ahead of the West in using the securitization as a document to prove some right. Al-Nawawi discussed this issue, and declared As-Sukak Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃ‚ §Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ is a plural of Sak Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ ; it is a written document in proof of a debt. The plural can also be Sukuk Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ . It refers to the document issued by a guardian ordering provisions, of food or others, to entitled holde rs. The holder may sell this document to others before getting the prescribed provisions (Al-Nawawi, Abu-Zakariyya Yahya M. 1971) [43]. In securitization, special purpose company is one of the important components of such process. This type of company appears with the securitization process, and plays a critical role in that process. Accordingly, in this dissertation the researcher endeavors to know the legal position of such a company and to identify the legal Islamic ruling related to such a company based on its nature, function and relationship with other components of the securitization process. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This topic has its own scientific and practical importance from a scientific perspective. The special purpose company (SPC) is still a hot topic under discussion. The major issue relates to its legal position in the Islamic law. There are still controversy around its nature and function. Securitization is one of the troubling issues around the world. From a practical perspective, the researcher posits that the concept of securitization in general and special purpose company in particular has entered all aspects of economic and societal life, while related transactions have spread in many countries, and hence become part-and-parcel of some banking financial instruments . Accordingly, knowledge of the concept of this type of company and its function becomes a communal obligation on every Muslim. Muslims should be well informed about such type of companies. If they are legally permissible, then he can deal with them with confidence; otherwise, a Muslim should turn away from such a company so long as he has the option. In case Muslims find that they are legally prohibited and find themselves forced to deal with them, the least they can do is express their discontent of such sort of companies or hold an ideology of rejecting them. This process of inquiry into business-related legal matters is a must in a Muslim’s life. This commitment cannot happen without the knowledge of the Islamic position of everything a Muslim deals with in his/her life, even where he/she does not have the option. THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research question lies down in presenting the concept of the special purpose company, and shows its impact on the issuance of Islamic financial products and more specifically Sukuk. The researcher will try in this dissertation to answer the following questions: First: What is the special purpose company, and what are the reasons behind its appearance? Second: What are the characteristics of the special purpose company, and what are its types? Third: What is securitization, its pillars and importance? Fourth: What is the importance of the special purpose company in the securitization process? Fifth: What function does the special purpose company play in the securitization process and the structuring of Islamic Financial products? Sixth: What is the legal jurisprudence and Shari’ah objective position on the special purpose company? THE GOALS OF THE STUDY In accordance with the above, I have selected this topic in order to achieve certain goals, the most important of which are: To show the concept of the special purpose company and the reasons behind its emergence. To expose the characteristics of the special purpose company and its types. To exert best effort to research the concept of the securitization process, and show its importance and major financing components. To show the importance of the special purpose company in the securitization process. To present the jurisprudential position and Shari’ah objectives of the special purpose company (SPC) in modern Islamic finance products structuring. PREVIOUS STUDIES As the topic is still rather new, I could not put my hands on some in-depth scientific research on the subject, except some on securitization and SPV in general. The most important of these studies were: Al-Tawreeq wa Mada Ahmmiyatahu fi Dhil Qanoon Al-Rahn Al-Aqari [Translated as: Securitization and its importance in relation to the real estate mortgage] (Al-Hijazi, Obaid Ali Ahmad 2001) [44]. The author defined securitization, its components, development and importance. The author has briefly revealed the role of special purpose companies in the securitization process. The dissertation was limited to some restricted real estate application and lacks the Shari’ah viewpoint. Dawr Al-Sukuk Al-Islamiyah Fi Tamweel Al-Mashroo’at Al-Tanmawiyah [Translated as: The role of Islamic Sukuk in financing development projects] ( Mohammed Saleh and Fath- Al-Rahman Ali, 2008),. This research, presented at the Islamic Banking Symposium, covered the concept of Islamic securitization and its role in mobilizing financial resources in order to finance development projects. It also covered the risks inherited in these sukuk and how to manage them. The author has briefly touched on the relationship arrangement among the parties to these Sukuk. The dissertation was more specific to the Sukuk from Shari’ah viewpoint and did not discuss the SPV role in these structures. Al-Tawriq wa Baqiyat Adawat Al-Suyoolah li-sook Al-Islamiyah [Securitization and the rest of liquidity instruments for Islamic market] (Mala’ekah, Saleh 2005). This study has touched on the concept of securitization and its Islamic ruling. It has further touched on the role of Al-Tawfeeq and Al-Ameen companies in the field of mutual funds securitization. At the end of the study, the researcher elaborated on some of the securitization problems. The study lacks in-depth analysis to the modern practice in today’s contemporary Islamic banking products. Al-Sukuk Al-Isalamiyah wa Tatbeeqatiha Al-Moa’sirah wa Tadawuliha [Islamic Securitization, and its modern applications and trading] (Muheisen, Fouad Mohammed Ahmad 2009). The researcher expounded therein on the securitization concept, its goals, motives, and the jurisprudential rules for contemporary securitization process together with its Islamic legal controls. Also, the researcher showed the parties to securitization process, and made a comparison between the traditional securitizations and Islamic ones but lacks the analysis of the SPV role in the Sukuk Structures. Al-Taskik wa Dawruhu fi Sooq Maliyah Islamiyah [Securitization and its role in the development of an Islamic Financial Market] (Bani Amer, Zaherah Ali Mohammed 2008). In this study, the researcher elaborated on the concept of international markets and traditional securitization and its components. The researcher also presented Islamic securitization in a good way in this study. 1.5.1 What makes this study different? In general, previous studies were concerned with historical precedence, details and comments on the securitization process in order to understand its nature, and made a comparison between traditional and Islamic securitization. No study has dealt with the concept of the special purpose company, whether from a conceptual and advantageous perspective or from jurisprudential perspective in relation to other parties to the securitization process in contemporary Islamic Finance. This dissertation is different from previous studies on the following grounds: In terms of completeness, this dissertation is more comprehensive and has covered the shortfalls in some of the previous studies, by handling the concept of the special purpose company, its characteristics and nature. In terms of categorization, this dissertation presented different layout of the research components so as to accommodate the Islamic legal position together with the jurisprudential referencing for the special purpose company, in terms of its relationship with other parties to the securitization process, which is common among countries where this structure is being practiced at present. That would make this dissertation very distinctive from other previous studies. 1.6 Methodology This dissertation assumed an inductive research method in data collection. Further, the dissertation assumed the analytical method for investigation, presentation and formulation, all the way through the conclusion about the concept of the special purpose company and its impact on securitization. 1.7 The Research Plan This dissertation covered an introduction, five chapters and the conclusion chapter six. CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: It covered the importance of this dissertation, its objectives, methodology, previous studies and the research plan. CHAPTER TWO: The Company Literature: The Company in Islamic Jurisprudence and Man-made Law. It falls into two parts: Part One: The Concept of Company in Islamic Jurisprudence Section One: The Definition of Company Section Two: Legality of a Company Section Three: Categories of Companies: Communal Companies, Property Companies, and Contractual Companies Part Two: The Concept of Company in the Man-made Law Section One: The Company by Its General Concept Section Two: The Company by Its Objective Section Three: The Company by Its Business and Activities Section Four: The Company by Its Relationship to Other Companies CHAPTER THREE: SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY (SPC) ROLE IN FINANCE: What is the Special Purpose Company and Its role in finance? It falls into two parts: Part One: Definition of the Special Purpose Company, Its Development and Reasons behind Its Appearance Section One: Definition of Special Purpose Company Section Two: Development of Special Purpose Company Section Three: Reasons behind the Appearance of Special Purpose Company, and the Need for It Part Two: Characteristics of Special Purpose Company, and Its Types Section One: Types of Special Purpose Company Section Two: Nature of Special Purpose Company and Its Characteristics Section Three: The Accounting Process for the Special Purpose Company CHAPTER FOUR: LEGAL AND SHARI’AH FRAMEWORK FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY IN ISLAMIC FINANCE: It explains the Securitization Process and the Importance of Special Purpose Company for Securitization in contemporary Islamic Finance. It covers six parts: Part One: The Concept of Securitization Part Two: The Pillars of Securitization, Its Importance and Components Part Three: Types of Securitization and Comparison between the Traditional Model and Islamic Model in Security Issuance Part Four: Reasons and Prospects of Securitization Part Five: Legal Dimension (Techniques) and Accounting Dimension of Securitization Part Six:Importance of Special Purpose Company in Securitization CHAPTER FIVE: SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY (SPC) IN SUKUK STRUCTURING: The Relationship between the Special Purpose Company and Sukuk Structuring and other pertinent rulings. It falls into two parts: Part One: The Function of Special Purpose Company in Traditional Securitization, and the Process of Islamic Securitization Section One: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of a Company Section Two: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of Mutual Fund Section Three: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of financing Contract Based on Trust Part Two: Jurisprudential Documentation of Special Purpose Company Section One: Relationships Documentation between Parties to Securitization Section Two: Legal Controls for the Special Purpose Company in Securitization Section Three: Proposed Model of Special Purpose Company in Securitization Process CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMNEDATIONS, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK: This chapter covers the most important conclusions and recommendations. I would like to point out that any human effort is characterized by flaws and imperfections. Perfection belongs only to the Divine. Anything that is true in my writing must have come from the Gracious Lord alone; whatever flaws committed must have come from myself and the devil I ask God Most High to accept this effort as sincere for His own sake. I ask God as well to make out any shortage and fix any flaw. He is the best sponsor and best supporter. May Allah take us by our good faith and intention! He is the source of success, and all praise is due to Him. [1] Quran. Surat Al-Mulk (67:14)

Watching Tennis and A Subaltern’s Love Song Essay -- English Literatur

Watching Tennis and A Subaltern’s Love Song Introduction The themes and ideas are so similar that if one was to briefly explain what both poems were about, you would think that they were exactly the same poems. Yet what really separates these two poems is their technical side. Form The form of a poem can be mainly observed by looking at and listening to the poem. Rhyme scheme, verse length, and line length are but a few examples of a poem’s form. A Subaltern’s Love song is a relatively long poem compared to Watching Tennis. It contains eleven verses, each of four lines length. There are between ten and thirteen syllables in each line. As this poem tells us a story and has a regular rhyme scheme, it is a narrative and can be classed as a ballad. It contains rhyming couplets which show a sense of control and harmony. Watching Tennis is a less orthodox poem. It is a Petrarchan sonnet, containing fourteen lines. This type of sonnet is divided up into two verses, one of length eight lines; the other of six. John Heath Stubbs has divided these two verses in equal lengths again. This results in both halves of the poem containing different verse lengths. The first two verses contain four lines, whereas the last two verses contain three lines. The rhyming scheme too is unorthodox. The rhyming scheme is in the form ABAB for the first two verses and although the first two verses rhyme in order, the last two don’t. This shows how the author is trying to create an image of loss of control and harmony. Style Both poems have a very distinct style. A Subaltern’s Love Song has a very strict and orthodox rhythm which emphasises the idea of how the man gets closer and closer to his dream woman. The steady... ... league. However, A Subaltern’s Love Song talks more in a hopeful, jocular light. The man believes that the girl is in a different league to him. He also talks in a very graceful, pleasant and sweet way about the girl, â€Å"Speed of a swallow, Grace of a boy.† He talks in less of a seductive sexy way as Heath-Stubbs does. â€Å"Your mouth on mine found its silent need.† However, Heath-Stubbs also talks about how the girl is graceful and delicate, â€Å"You move like a dancer,† Conclusion In conclusion, although both poems share very similar ideas and themes, they differ on the technical side. A Subaltern’s Love Song is written in a much more orthodox fashion than Watching Tennis. However, one major concept which both poems share is that they both commence with the idea of the man and woman in love with each other as hopeless, and end with that idea a being hopeful.

Our Declining Education System :: essays research papers

Our Declining Education System According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a " rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980's, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action Plan; an eight year plan designed to raise the standards of education. This plan changed the requirements for graduation by raising the number of credits needed for graduation, raising the number of required core curriculum classes such as social studies, and introduced technology and computer science. The plan also introduced the Regents Minimum Competency Tests, which requires a student to pass tests in five major categories; math, science, reading, writing, and two areas of social studies. Although the plan achieved many of its goals in raising standards of education in N.Y. State, the general consensus is that we need to continue to improve our education system rather than being satisfied with the achievements we have made thus far. Therefore, N.Y. adopted "The New Compact for Learning". This plan is based on the principles that all children can learn. Our Declining Education System :: essays research papers Our Declining Education System According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a " rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980's, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action Plan; an eight year plan designed to raise the standards of education. This plan changed the requirements for graduation by raising the number of credits needed for graduation, raising the number of required core curriculum classes such as social studies, and introduced technology and computer science. The plan also introduced the Regents Minimum Competency Tests, which requires a student to pass tests in five major categories; math, science, reading, writing, and two areas of social studies. Although the plan achieved many of its goals in raising standards of education in N.Y. State, the general consensus is that we need to continue to improve our education system rather than being satisfied with the achievements we have made thus far. Therefore, N.Y. adopted "The New Compact for Learning". This plan is based on the principles that all children can learn.

Food safety and sanitation Essay

Purpose of this manual This is an example of a Food Safety Manual that has been developed to assist your learning of HACCP-based food safety programs. The development of food safety programs based on the principles of the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system is the most effective way of ensuring food safety. This manual is intended to be a very general guide for HACCP-based food safety programs and will show you how all the parts of the food safety program come together. This manual is an example of a HACCP-based food safety program for food service processes that include: cook serve cook chill reheat serve (not extended shelf life cook chill). We have taken every effort to ensure that the sample guidelines in this manual meet the minimum standard for food safety for the processes described. However, when using these guidelines you need to undertake your own research to be assured that you have met current food safety standards and industry codes for the operations undertaken by the business for which you work. Web sites that contain information on HACCP-based food safety programs include: Food Standards Australia New Zealand has information on the proposed food safety standard: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au Department of Health, Victoria, Australia has food safety programs: http://www.health.vic.gov.au/foodsafety/ The NSW Food Authority has some good information: http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/ Department of Health, Victoria, Australia, Foodsmart website http://www.foodsmart.vic.gov.au/FoodSmartWeb/ How to use this manual This manual is divided into six sections: Section 1: Manual Introduction Section 2: Standard Operating Procedures Section 3: Process Control Using HACCP Section 4: Work Instructions Section 5: Monitoring Forms for Supervisors Section 6: Check Sheets for Staff Each section of the manual starts with an explanation of the purpose of the guidelines or information found within that section. At risk persons A number of risk groups vulnerable to food-borne pathogens, have been identified. At risk persons include: the sick, and people with a weak immune system frail elderly infants and babies in hospital pregnant women. If you are serving food to at risk persons then you will need to check your State or Territory food legislation. If the legislation includes a code of practice to address the issue of pathogenic contamination, then you need to develop strategies within your food safety program to include this code. Definitions AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Audit An independent check of a food safety system to show that procedures are being followed and that the system achieves its aims. Calibrate A check that measuring equipment is working, eg thermometers. Control measure A measure taken to control a food safety hazard, eg time and temperature limits. Control Point (CP) A point in the food production process at which control measures are advisable. However, loss of control may not lead to an unacceptable health risk. This process may be monitored. Core product temperature The internal temperature of a product. It is taken at the thickest point. Corrective action Corrective action is the set of procedures to be followed when a deviation occurs in the production process, for example when the internal temperature of cooked roast chicken has not reached 75Â ºC, the corrective action is to return it to the oven and bring up to temperature. Critical Control Point (CCP) A point in the food production process at which loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk. This process must be monitored. Critical limit The minimum standard (of the control measure) that has to be met to control the hazard, eg cooking to 75ï‚ °C. Cross-contamination The transferring of contaminants from one source to foods. Egg based products All foods consisting predominantly of, or thickened with, eggs. Food handling Basic handling and inspection, preparation, cooking, cooling, processing, display, packaging, storage and transportation. Food safety control method Methods and procedures used in the workplace to control food safety hazards include both support programs and specific hazard control limits or requirements. Typical examples of support programs include product recall, cleaning schedules, pest control programs, personal hygiene practices, calibration procedures and related operating procedures. Food Safety Manual The key document for a food safety program. It demonstrates how processes are analysed to identify potential hazards and how each potential hazard may be controlled. It contains all the food safety instructions for staff, suppliers and contractors and details the responsibilities of all workers to ensure that food safety is maintained. HACCP HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point. HACCP is a system that identifies hazards, and then implements controls and management systems to ensure the food product is safe for consumers. HACCP can be applied to any food service operation. Hazard A biological, chemical or physical risk that may cause a food to become unsafe. Impervious Refers to a type of surface that does not allow fluid to pass into it. Non-hazardous foods Foods that do not normally support the growth of food-poisoning bacteria, such as: fruit vegetables unfilled cakes and pastries dry stores, eg flour, sugar, rice etc. Policy Amendment Register A register where changes to the food safety program are recorded. Potentially hazardous foods Foods that are capable of supporting the growth of food-poisoning bacteria: meat fish chicken smallgoods milk milk products cream eggs — out of their shell cooked rice cooked pasta soy bean products salads. Ready to cook hazardous foods Foods that require cooking and are capable of supporting the growth of food-poisoning bacteria: meat chicken fish. Ready to serve hazardous foods Foods that do not require cooking and are capable of supporting the growth of food-poisoning bacteria: meat (for raw meat dishes) fish (for raw fish dishes) smallgoods milk milk products cream eggs — out of their shell cooked rice cooked pasta unpasteurised fruit juice soy bean products salads. Sanitise To eliminate or reduce micro-organisms to a safe level. Sample policy amendment register This register is used to note any amendments, updates or improvements made to the Food Safety Manual. The Manager has responsibility for maintaining this register and communicating these changes to staff. Amendments Register No. Date Subject Page No. Approval Comments Our commitment to food safety Most Food Safety Manuals start with a statement of the organisational philosophy and responsibilities to food safety as well as identification of the members of the HACCP team. Consider this example: This business firmly believes in providing its customers and staff with a safe food product. This business wholly accepts its legal duty to comply with the National Food Safety Standards and all related legislation. We expect all suppliers to also have this philosophy. Our staff members are expected to abide by the policy and all procedures and codes of practice set down by the management. It expects that they will make every effort to maintain all written procedures. It is the aim of our business to operate all food production and food service with due diligence which is regarded as a top priority. Name of Business ____________________________________ Signed______________________________ (Proprietor/Owner/Manager) Date _________________ Organisation responsibilities and duties The owner will: be responsible for implementation, control, monitoring and review of this policy ensure that all staff are trained in the food handling techniques and the requirements of food safety be qualified to implement and review the Food Safety Policy regulations and practices ensure that all records and systems in relation to food safety are maintained and filed. The manager will: be responsible for the day-to-day implementation and control of food safety ensure that all records and systems in relation to food safety are maintained ensure that staff will follow all personal hygiene rules ensure that all work areas are kept clean and free from pests ensure that all staff are trained in the food handling techniques and the requirements of the food safety policy be qualified to implement and review the food handling techniques and the requirements of the food safety policy. All kitchen staff will: be responsible for food safety in the kitchen, preparation and storage areas be qualified to implement the food handling techniques and the requirements of the food safety policy complete all records and systems in relation to food safety in the kitchen, preparation, receiving and storage areas as directed abide by all personal hygiene rules report incidents that impact on the quality of food, to the manager (eg sightings of pests, malfunctioning or defective appliances, etc) keep all work areas clean and free from pests be trained in food handling techniques and the requirements of the food safety policy report to the manager if they are suffering from any communicable disease. Other staff (eg assistants, bartenders, waiters, cleaners) will: be responsible for food safety during service abide by the Food Safety Policy regulations and practices abide by all personal hygiene rules keep work areas and equipment clean report incidents that impact on the quality of food, to the manager (eg sightings of pests, malfunctioning or defective appliances, etc) report to their supervisor if they are suffering from any communicable disease. The HACCP team The following staff members are responsible for the implementation of the HACCP-based food safety program at this business: (This information is provided as a guide only). The owner (in conjunction with the manager) will coordinate the development of the food safety program. The manager will coordinate the development of the food safety program. Staff representatives (ideally one from each section, eg kitchen, bar, wash up, store, cleaning) will play an important role in the team by advising on operation issues related to the food safety program. External expertise, eg consultant, food technologist or microbiologist, qualified in their field and in the principles of HACCP-based food safety programs will play an important role in the team by advising on issues related to the food safety program. Note: The size of the team will vary, depending on the size of the business. Where the food establishment is small, the proprietor or manager may undertake all of the above roles and be solely responsible for the coordination and implementation of HACCP. These persons will combine their skills and undertake training to: identify potential hazards associated with all aspects of food and beverage preparation assign levels of severity of risk based on previous experience recommend controls, specifications and procedures for monitoring and verification in line with the Australian standards and government regulations recommend appropriate corrective actions, including training for all staff, when deviations occur be familiar with, or be able to research, all relevant legislation/technical information related to the food safety plan.

The Meaning of Holy Grail

The Tradition: The Holy Grail was a vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. Given to his grand-uncle, St. Joseph of Arimathea, it was used by him to collect Christ's blood and sweat while Joseph tended him on the Cross. After Christ's death, Joseph was apparently imprisoned in a rock tomb similar to the one he had given for the body of his grand-nephew. Left to starve, he was sustained for several years by the power of the Grail which provided him with fresh food and drink every morning. Later, St. Joseph travelled to Britain with his family and several followers. He settled at Ynys Witrin (Glastonbury), but the Grail was taken to Corbenic where it was housed in a spectacular castle, guarded always by the Grail Kings, descendants of Joseph's daughter, Anna (Enygeus) and her husband, Brons. Centuries later, the location of the Great Castle of Corbenic became forgotten. At the Court of King Arthur, however, it was prophesied that the Grail would one day be rediscovered by a descendant of St. Joseph: the best knight in the land, the only man capable of sitting in the mysterious Siege Perilous. When such a man arrived in the form of Galahad, the son of Lancelot, along with a miraculous, though brief, vision of the Grail itself, a quest to find this holiest of relics began. Through many adventures and many years, the Knights of the Round Table crossed Britain from one end to another in their search. Perceval (Peredyr) discovered the castle in a land that was sickly like its spear-wounded King. When entertained by this â€Å"Fisher† or â€Å"Grail King†, however, he failed to ask of the grail and left empty-hand. Lancelot next reached Corbenic, but was prevented from entering because of he was an adulterer. Finally Galahad arrived. He was permitted entry to the Grail Chapel and allowed to gaze upon the great cup. His life became complete and together grail and man were lifted up to heaven. The Names: The Holy Grail first appears as simply â€Å"a grail† in the works of Chretien de Troyes. The word is probably derived from the Old French word graal meaning a â€Å"broad and capacious dish or salver†. Though usually thought of as being a cup or chalice, the Grail has indeed been variously described as a platter, dish, a cornucopia, horn of plenty or even a book or a stone. The name of the Castle of Corbenic has competing explanations. Old Welsh Cors, meaning â€Å"Horn,† the Horn of Plenty as the Grail is sometimes described may have become confused with the Old French Corps, producing Corps-Benoit meaning â€Å"Holy Body,† ie. the Body of Christ. More likely, however, is the suggestion that Corbenic stems from Corbin-Vicus. The ending is almost certainly derived from the Latin for â€Å"Settlement,† while Corben is a French translation of the word Crow or Raven: Bran in Welsh. This was also a man's name and, as Brons, he appears as St. Joseph's son-in-law, one of the first Grail Kings. Hence Corbenic was â€Å"Bran's Settlement†. It may be identical to the home of Lancelot's father, Caer-Benwick. Ancient Origins: The quest for a divine vessel was a popular theme in Arthurian legend long before medieval writers introduced the Holy Grail to British mythology. It appears in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen, but particularly well-known is the story of the Preiddeu Annwfn or â€Å"Spoils of the Otherworld† as recounted by Taliesin. Arthur and his warriors sail off to the Celtic Otherworld to capture the pearl-rimmed Cauldron of Annwfn: like the grail it was a giver of plenty, but also of prophecy. It was at last discovered at Caer-Siddi (or Wydyr), an island bound castle of glass, where it was guarded by nine divine maidens; but the ensuing perils were too much for even Arthur's men. The mission was abandoned and only seven of their number returned home. Celtic Cauldrons were used in ceremonial feasting as early as the Late Bronze Age. Ritual deposits in Llyn Fawr (Glamorgan) included such vessels, though the best known example is the Gundestrup Cauldron found in the peat bogs of Jutland (Denmark). Highly decorated with portraits of many Celtic deities, this vessel would once have held up to twenty-eight and a half gallons of liquid. These finds clearly point to the religious importance of cauldrons, as found in the Arthurian stories and even older Celtic mythological parallels. The magic Otherworld vessel was the Cauldron of Ceridwen, the Celtic Goddess of Inspiration. She is remembered today in the archetypal hideous cauldron-stirring witch. She once set about brewing a drink of knowledge and wisdom for her hideous son, but her kitchen-boy, Gwion, accidentally tasted the concoction, preventing anyone else from benefitting from its affects. A great battle of wills ensued, for Gwion now held all the knowledge to escape the Goddess' wrath. The two changed themselves into various animals in an attempt to outwit each other before Gwion was swallowed whole as a grain of wheat. He was eventually reborn as the great bard, Taliesin! The cauldron then reappears in the story of Bran Fendigaid (the Blessed), not only as a vessel of knowledge and plenty, but also of rebirth. The great Celtic warrior God, Bran, obtained his life-giving vessel from a giantess (or thinly veiled Ceridwen) who had been expelled from a Lake in Ireland. The Emerald Isle here personifies the Celtic Otherworld. The magic vessel would restore to life the body of any dead warrior placed within it: a scene apparently depicted on the Gundestrup Cauldron. Bran's sister marries the King of Ireland and they are given the cauldron as a wedding gift. However, when hostilities between the two countries break out, Bran travels across the ocean to regain this dangerous prize. He is eventually successful, but is wounded by a poisoned spear and, like Arthur, only seven of his men return home. The name, the castle (already discussed), the wound, the mystic vessel, the journey: Bran Fendigaid is clearly Brons, the Grail King, son-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea.

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

3 - Assignment Example ding to the research on the effects of global warming by computer modeling incorporation, it is evident that we may not have conferring benefits on the carbon sink from Amazon rain forest. Thus by 2100 it will cause an increase of around 5-8 degrees centigrade. Based on the research, it is a serious concern because once the methane release starts, due to the global warming, it would be impossible to stop the runaway methane global warming. 3) A little reported but quite serious global infrastructure problem is the current rate of iron ore/steel usage. Research and report the growth of Chinas use of steel (since the year 2000) and the implication that this growth rate has on the exhaustion timescale of the worlds steel supply. Find data to compare the growth rates from 2000 to 2008 to those for 2009-2012. Comment on whether or not this is the silver lining associated with global economic meltdown. 4) a) Which county is growing fastest and what is that growth rate? (attach a screen shoot of your result); If new schools are built for every new 5000 people, how many new schools would need to be built in this county by the year 2050? In 1980 a standard emerged that there should be 1 county sheriff for every 3000 citizens of any county. Based on the 1950-1980 growth rates, what would be the population of Lane County in 2010 and how many county sheriffs should we have? Bonus point* Find the actual size of the Lane County Sheriff’s department. When a country is at the pre-industrial stage, the population grows slowly because the death and birth rates are quite high. During industrialization stage, the food increases, medical care improves, sanitation improves and the death rate increases. At this stage, the population grows rapidly. After the living conditions have improved, the birth rate decreases, which in turn cause the population rate to decrease. After the industrial stage has kicked in fully, the population will grow at a very slow rate (Russell, Herz &

Tourism Leakages Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Leakages - Dissertation Example Bhattacharya (131) indicates that goods, which are provided internationally, leave the local community with a very small portion of the earnings. This problem affects mostly the developing countries. These leakages thus diminish the positive influences of tourism to a country (Bhattacharya 131). Countries that are developed benefit more than developing countries in tourism. This is because such countries lack industries to process goods that tourists need. UNEP indicates that a government ensures that the positive effects of tourism are maximized by reducing the tourism leakages. For this to happen, Governments, especially in the developing countries, should promote the ownership of tourism resources by the local communities. In most cases, the governments have favored the owners of the tourism resources by the private sectors or the foreigners. Consequently, a recognizable percentage of the tourism resources belong to the foreign investors. Therefore, the local communities benefit l ess from the tourism revenues due to the leakages of tourism profits. The ownership of large portions of tourism businesses in developing countries belongs to the foreigners (UNEP). This has resulted in a tourism agenda distorted in favor of external benefits. The result of the high leakage through repatriation of profits, employment for the foreign emigrant, importation of goods and services from foreign countries and the use of airlines that foreign countries own. The leakage in developed countries is not very high (Jones 65). The government should come up with strategies to promote the ownership of the tourism resources by the local community. The application models for agricultural development can be integrated into tourism development to enhance the local community ownership of the tourism resources. An example of the agricultural development model is the one, which, farmers engage in agricultural businesses by forming associations to manage important functions like marketing. Exploitation of land by foreigners should be discouraged because it is the local communities, which will suffer environmental degradation after the foreigners have left. There should be the emphasis on the strong connection between the local communities and the tourism industries to reduce leakages and to increase the benefits from tourism. Moreover, the increase of leakages is due to the high expenditure by the government to meet the high tourists’ demands. The governments use a lot of money to import goods to meet tourists’ demands. Apparently, the escalation of tourism expenses due to importations result in the reduction of profits leading to economic constraints. To reduce high importation, there should be the emphasis on the use of the locally produced goods to enhance increased output effects of tourism (UNEP). Tourism Policies Kenkel (2) indicates that tourism is a very important business internationally. It is one of the central sources of revenues particularly , in those countries that are still developing. However, the high demands of tourism have had undesirable effects on the local people and the environment. The growth of tourism has shown some serious adverse impacts.

Current State of Credit Card Industry in America Essay

Current State of Credit Card Industry in America - Essay Example This essay offers a thorough analysis of the state of the credit card market in the United states. Since the early eighties, the credit card industry in America have been controlled by the banking and financial associations, namely VISA and Master Card International. Over the years, several merchants have entered the credit markets and have strategically focused on expanding their market share which led to the flooding of credit cards in the US market. Looking at the rapid expansion of the credit card market; there are ominous signs for default in card payments which is the next most likely risk in the US economy after the mortgage crisis. This is due to the fact that the customers repayment capability of the credit card customers have declined after the economic crisis due to loss of jobs, fall of income, foreclosure of their homes, etc. The credit card risk in USA has serious consequences for the credit companies, financial sector and the economy of US. The payment default of the customers would result in the loss of return on investments for the banks and credit card companies. The personal finance schemes would prove to be a failure and the credit card companies would loose huge amounts lent in the US market. This loss would affect the liquidity of the companies and the investors would loose confidence on the company’s performance. The market information on the declining performance of the companies would result in erosion of shareholder’s wealth and the share prices in the market would fall. The overall decline in performance of the credit card industry would affect the market performance and the market index would plunge once more after the global financial crisis (Jickling 88). Proposed Solution The solutions to overcome the next most likely risk in the credit card markets of US have been proposed as follows. The increase in the credit card market risk is due to the intention of the market players to squeeze the borrowers to the fullest and restore their profit margins after receiving a setback from the losses of the mortgage market. The proposed solution includes intervention of the government to cut back the rising interest rates and the deceptive tactics employed by the credit card issues in charging the customers with more amount of repayment. Already the income level of the customers has lowered and a further rise in interest of the credit card companies would extract the entire liquidity from the economy and would raise the subsequent risk of credit card default . Thus government regulations on stabilization of the interest rates and reduction of the hidden costs would help to maintain a position of equilibrium in the credit card market. Secondly, the tightening of the eligibility criteria for credit cards is another solution proposed to avoid the future consequences. The credit cards in the US markets should be issued to worthy borrowers by estimating their income level and repayment capability. Customers like the students who have limitations in repaying the borrowed amounts should not be flooded with credit cards. These policies of the credit card companies are likely to resolve the situation of a likely future crisis in the credit card industry. Consequences of what happens if change is not made The future consequences are grave if changes in the credit card policies and the interest rates are implemented by the market players. The customers who have been facing a constraint in liquidity level would use the credit cards as their last re sort. If the ever rising interests rates initially from 10% to 15% and then to 20% in the subsequent stages are not cut back, this will increase the