John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism - Essay Example He contends that the rule of utility ought to be viewed as a device for advancing general bliss. The greater part of our activities, as indicated by him, ought to be decided by this guideline. In his representation of the utility hypothesis, Mill imagines that we should interest the rule of utility just when we face an ethical issue between two optional standards. The fundamental presumption of the utilitarian hypothesis, as supported by Mill, is that we should each demonstration in order to advance the best bliss for the best number of individuals. These significant moral perspectives on Mill can be applied in practically all fields of our lives. That is, an utilitarian supporter may pass judgment on any demonstration or conduct as indicated by the measure of bliss or bitterness it will create for the best number of individuals. While this appears to be a case that would be affirmed by all individuals, the inquiry that rises here is: who are the people to whom the activities ought t o advance joy? According to the utilitarian hypothesis, all together for any activity to be correct and moral, it ought to elevate joy to the most extreme number of individuals included (Cain). ... Utilitarianism, as a type of the consequentialist hypothesis, can be characterized as an ethical hypothesis as indicated by which a demonstration is correct in the event that it adjusts to the thought of handiness or utility of the gathering. That is, a demonstration fits in with the idea of utility if its exhibition will bring about the greatest joy for the most extreme number of individuals. In this way, the estimation of the results of a demonstration, as per utilitarianism, is resolved completely by the government assistance of everybody worried in the activity. Then again, a non-consequentialist hypothesis makes a decision about the rightness or misleading quality of an activity dependent on properties characteristic for the activity, not on itsâ consequences. Pertinent to the non-consequentialist hypothesis is the unmitigated basic methodology, pushed by the eighteenth century German savant Immanuel Kant. As indicated by the straight out basic hypothesis, an activity is good j ust if the standard that administers it very well may be summed up to every person on earth. That is, the will ought to be impacted uniquely by general contemplations, and not by abstract contemplations, distinguished by the one engaged with activity. In this way, moral vanity and utilitarianism are two old style conflicting philosophical speculations that endeavor to clarify the conduct of people, families, and governments. As indicated by utilitarianism, a demonstration is morally right in the event that it complies with the thought of utility, and a demonstration fits in with the idea of utility if its exhibition will bring about the most extreme joy for everybody concerned (Mill). That is, utilitarianism keeps up that the moral principles of each activity is to be resolved by the good or troublesome results of that activity. In Mill's words, utilitarianism alludes to the belief which acknowledges

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History/Educational Influences Marina City, as an innovator urban arrangement, was conceivable by Bertrand Goldberg as a result of his formal building preparing just as his initial practice and collaboration with key engineers. Presentation to design, financial, and social setting that molded pioneer engineering created him as a modeler. Impact started right off the bat from his material science instructor, George Vaubel, which enlivened him with a deep rooted love for rationale and â€Å"reasoning backwards† and discovering proof for what was educated to him. Goldberg learned at the Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape then at the Bauhaus in Berlin, Germany and ultimately, at the Armor Institute of Technology in Chicago. He found design while learning at Harvard in 1930. The dignitary, Henry Frost, permitted Goldberg to concentrate with his alumni studio as an undergrad. During the Great Depression, Goldberg was learning at Harvard where banters with teachers and individual understudies fixated o n the political and social issue, managing destitution. It released and impacted his long lasting awareness of social and political components since he took social and political issues into thought when structuring. Harvard presented Goldberg to the Beaux-Arts design and he wanted to go to Paris to concentrate however rather went to the Bauhaus in the wake of being exhorted. The Bauhaus acquainted Goldberg with the new goals of workmanship and design. The Bauhaus accentuated on vision and spatial aptitudes. Goldberg was incredibly impacted by Mies van de Rohe and Josef Albers. Goldberg grasped â€Å"less is more† and was restrained to work out subtleties of the all out plan by making a stylish out of structure and looking for partnership with a modern world. At the B... ... arrangement of a focal center and sections made the structure protected and effective. The solid likewise acted gave protection from elevate due to solid nature of largeness. Mechanical frameworks were built inside the floors which took into account increasingly spatial opportunity. The effective answer for the establishment was likewise accomplished through designing and the utilization of caissons. Development started after auxiliary issues were settled. Machine and hand turned into the medium to make the structure. While the pinnacle crane took into account the quick development of Marina City, artisanship was likewise required. The utilization of formwork to make the petals expect of artisanship while being mass produce suggested machine. The hand work can be found in the lopsided surfaces were shaping was required. Marina City turned into the greatest basic and private structure at the hour of its consummation.

3 Family Road Trips You Cant Miss - Free Essay Example

There are certain places that everybody has on their travel bucket list. Whether you love cities, the countryside or a little bit of magic, you can do it all with an RV. When you have a family, admittedly, travelling becomes a little different. When you have young children, you have to pack more, take more pitstops and make time for fun-filled excitement. With all that being said, RV road trips as a family are cost-effective, memorable and fun experiences that will allow you to see the world, creating memories together, with no restrictions. Below weve listed the top family road trips that are sure to be filled with memories for your family, and children of all ages. 1. San Francisco to Crater Lake Starting your trip in San Francisco, youre automatically off to a good start. This beautiful city has a little bit of everything in it, with lots of outdoor attractions—a perfect first stepping stone for children. Dont forget to check out the iconic Golden Gate Bridge. On your way to Crater Lake, make sure to visit Lassen Volcanic Park and Klamath Falls. These are filled with jaw-dropping views and will create amazing experiences. When you pull into Crater Lake, you will not be disappointed. In fact, pictures dont do it any justice. Everyone in the family will be completely stunned. Spend the day or the week at Crater Lake National Park enjoying the family-friendly activities like bike trails, water sports and fishing. This road trip is definitely one for the outdoor loving family. 2. Auckland to Rotorua Starting in New Zealands largest city and ending in aquatic heaven is a road trip with something for the whole family. Auckland is bursting with interesting places to visit and things to do. Get a real taste of big city life and admire all the modern architecture. Take a tiny detour on your way to Rotorua to stop at Waitomo. You just dont want to pass at a chance to witness the Waitomo Glowworm Caves. These will leave your family, no matter the age, completely enchanted. Head towards Matamata and try to find some hobbits. This is must-see for all the Lord of the Rings fans out there. Youll actually be able to see Bilbos house and the Green Dragon Inn. Finally, reach your destination at Rotorua. The magic doesnt end. Explore Whakarewarewa Forest or, if youre not really up for mountain biking, visit Rainbow Springs, the cute conservation park where you can see endangered species all for yourself. This will be a truly magical road trip. 3. Pisa to Rome Ah, Italy, a country filled with culture, history and amazing scenery. What more could you need for an amazing road trip? Starting in Pisa, make sure to see the leaning tower (and capture one of the classic photos with it). Torre Pendente Camping Village is nestled between the leaning tower and San Rossore Park, providing ample excitement for everyone. From there we suggest making stops at Florence, Siena and Orvieto. All three of these cities will fill you with so much culture and knowledge (and maybe pasta). Finally, make your way to Rome. Park at one of the resort-like camping villages and take trips to the Colosseum, Ancient Forum and perhaps the Vatican City, returning for a soak in the pool at the end of the day. This is a road trip jam-packed with tourist attractions, culture and great food. Just remember the saying, its not the destination, its the journey. No matter how amazing Crater Lake, the Colosseum or Bilbos house was to see, youll always remember your RV road trip and the fun you had with your family.

The Issue Of Interracial Marriage - 1516 Words

afforded. One case that went before the Supreme Court in relation to this final element of the first section of this esteemed amendment is Loving v. Virginia (1967), pertaining to the issue of interracial marriage. This case encompassed an interracial couple 17-year-old female, Mildred Jeter, who was black, and her childhood sweetheart, 23-year-old, white, Richard Loving, and their fight Virginia s miscegenation laws banning marriage between blacks and whites. After lawfully marrying in Washington, D.C. and returning to their home state of Virginia in 1958, the couple was charged with unlawful cohabitation jailed. Virginian judge, Leon Bazile sentenced the couple to a year in prison that could be suspended if the couple agreed to leave the state for the next 25 years. The Loving’s left their home state in after this sentence, residing with relatives relatives in Washington, D.C., before their return to visit family five years later, at which point they were arrested again, th is time for traveling together. They brought their case of discrimination on the basis of race that had burdened their marriage to the Supreme Court, who ruled that state bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional. This exercises the â€Å"nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† section within section 1; the Supreme Court ruled against state bans of interracial marriage because it takes away equal marriage laws on the basis of race. Other noteworthy courtShow MoreRelatedInterracial Issues Among Marriage, And Criminal Prosecution Between The 1800s And The 1900s934 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem during the time was the idea of marriage, in which the whites and blacks could only marry there race. In today’s statues that idea sound profound, but during the times of the correctional era it was not easy for international couples to be seen or accepted. For several years the idea was crime which terrified the people. After some time the idea fated and became acceptable to society. In this essay I will discuss the interracial issues among marriage, and criminal prosecution between the 1800sRead MoreInterracial Marriage1263 Words   |  6 PagesInterracial Marriage Interracial marriages have been a growing issue in our society. Some think that interracial marriages and relationships are socially wrong. Some believe that it harms children of mixed races because of the stares, discrimination, and being criticized. One should not have to feel the pain from being stared at or criticized, or discriminated against because of the color of skin or being with the one they love of a different race. The marriages and relationships that are interracialRead MoreEssay about interracial marriages701 Words   |  3 Pages The law forbidding interracial marriage was terminated in 1967, and in the midst of rapid racial change, one fact is unmistakable: A growing number of Americans are showing that we all can get along by forming relationships and families that cross all color lines. In the past couple decades, the number of interracial marriages has increased dramatically. Interracial dating and marrying is described as the dating or marrying of two people o f different races, and it is becoming much more common toRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Interracial Realtionships Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesmorals. Interracial relationships have always been frowned upon for religious or moral reasons, but they should be treated with the same respect as a relationship between the same races. On a religious note, Genesis 3:20 says that â€Å"Eve was the mother of all living.† In other words, all humans of all races descended from Adam and Eve, meaning that it shouldn’t matter the race from which one originated since all humans are supposed to come from the same two people. God also had mixed marriages forbiddenRead MoreInterracial Relationships in America Essay examples960 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the U. S. Census Reports, interracial marriages have more than tripled between 1980 and today. There are currently 1.6 million interracial marriages in the United States, and that figure is continuing to grow (Duru, 2012). Statistics show that over 70% of American society has no problem with mixed race relationships, and 40% of Americans have already dated someone of another ethnicity. For the most part relationships between people of different races are no different from the interactionsRead MoreThe Debate Over Interracial Couples942 Words   |  4 Pagesbe no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix. Now if that is true that God has separate us individuals on the continents. Than why is it that people has been able to diverse themselves, with someone of a different race? I disagree with that since every day I see interracial couples. I myself is in a interracial relationship for almost four years now. And none of my friends and family have an issue with it. In paragraphRead MoreEssay about Should Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? 1555 Words   |  7 PagesShould same-sex marriage be legalized? The same-sex marriage issue has ignited worldwide. Joseph Chamie- the previous director- and Barry Mirkin-the previous Population Policy Section Chief- of the UN’s Population Division aim to present up-to-date statistics and information on the same-sex marriage debate in â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage: A New Social Phenomenon.† They mention that same-sex marriage is a â€Å"recent phenomenon† that will possibly stick around for years in many countries because societal, religiousRead MoreThe Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships 1 For decades, interracial relationships have been a deep seated conflict among many people and families in our history. Not only in the United States, but many countries around the world have debated and banned such acts. Although it has now been found to be unconstitutional based on the violation of the fourteenth amendment, societal perceptions, norms, and hate groups have still managed to persist. We as a countryRead MoreThe History and Patterns of Interracial Marriage and Families in the United States1229 Words   |  5 Pagesan interracial family, as well as an interracial romantic relationship, I was drawn toward researching the history and patterns of interracial marriage and families in the United States. Having the social experiences involved with dating exogamously or having interethnic siblings and cousins can drastically affect the way one interacts with and sees the world. As early as 1691, colonial-era United States established anti-miscegenation laws banning blacks and whites from interracial marriage andRead MoreInterracial Marriage Should Be Legal1365 Words   |  6 PagesInterracial marriages are still considered taboo in many countries in the world and even in the United States. While the opportunity to marry whoever one desires is a reality in America, it is not always common and sometime frowned upon in our communities. Much progress has been made as a country to allow interracial marriages to be successful, but the American population has had difficulty accepting the legal development that has taken place in our nation. Interracial Marriage has been fought throughout

Urban and Suburban Secondary Education Essay - 3243 Words

Urban and Suburban Secondary Education There is a big disparity between urban and suburban secondary education in public schools. Many critics of this inequality are arguing that urban schools are not receiving the same attention as schools that are in suburban areas or wealthier parts of country. Urban schools are facing a large crisis on there hands, these schools are not meeting the required criteria in educating and graduating their students. So, why is there a huge inequality between urban and suburban secondary public schools? Much of the debate falls around school funding and how much schools are given to operate. Many urban schools are not being given enough money to educate its students, pay its teachers, buy new books, and†¦show more content†¦This paper will cover the inequalities between urban and suburban public secondary education. It will examine the issues of: urban education; race, class and prejudice; illegal immigration and its false claim; lastly it will focus primarily on how to remedy these issues. Urban Education Secondary education has gone through a major shift in the last century due to funding and the quality of education amongst schools located in urban vs. suburban schools. To address these issues we must first examine them what they are in general. In urban schools many of these inner-city districts are lacking funding to its order pay teachers and educate its students. Schools are not being given the fundamental tools to educate its students, one example of this would be that many schools are using outdated books that are more than 2 years old, technology such as computers that are obsolete which use programs and software that don’t meet today’s standard in society. 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No research could be found related to suburban schools with small Black minority populations who out-perform state results on standardized testsRead MoreThe Percentage Of Public Elementary And Secondary School Students1046 Words   |  5 PagesA statement of the problem The percentage of public elementary and secondary school students in the United States who were identified as English language learners (ELL) in the 1999-2000 school year was 6.7% of the total school population (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). The increase is in mainly in the Hispanic subpopulation and Hispanic students traditionally perform poorly on national assessments. The No Child Left Behind legislation requires that â€Å"all children will have a fair, equal, and

Business Ethics New Strategy Formulation

Question: Describe about the Business Ethics for New Strategy Formulation. Answer: Title: It is justified to formulate a new strategy of addressing the issue of obesity by asking uncomfortable personal questions; however a decent approach should be adopted. The issue of obesity has witnessed a significant increase in the recent years. This has fostered the need to develop a new anti-obesity intervention targeted at the psychological aspect of the society. This paper would highlight the various aspects of obesity as well as design a new program for the reduction of obesity in the population. Topic: The intervention of obesity is an important measure which would help in reducing the instances of overweight as well as obesity in the society. The obesity is a non communicable medical condition in which the individuals demonstrate a higher Body Mass Index than usual. The higher BMI indicates that the person does not have healthy weight. This is a growing concern in the modern society especially in urban settings. There are several reasons for the rise in the obesity in the modern society. The lifestyle modifications have led maximum people to lead an unhealthy lifestyle with least physical activities. This has led to the fat accumulation in the human body which is not desirable. The excess weight gain can have a variety of implications on the health as well as well being of the individual. This has emphasized the importance of designing an obesity specific intervention program that would address the issue of overweight individuals. The past surveys have shown that the obesit y related intervention strategies such as lifestyle intervention, surgery and pharmacotherapy has not been truly successful in treating obesity. This was due to the fact that the participants did not feel the urge to reduce their weight by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Due to this reason, a complete new approach was adopted for creating a highly effective anti-obesity program. This paper would introduce the new social campaign that focuses on creating a unique questionnaire for the obese participants. The questionnaire would be prepared in such a manner that it presents uncomfortable personal questions regarding their excess weight and their lifestyle. The aim of such questions is to create an environment in which the participants would be uncomfortable in answering specific weight related questions. This embarrassment would affect the psychological aspect of the participant and they would give utmost importance to physical fitness, which would help them to maintain a healthy weight . Summary box Argument I will argue that obesity is one of the most important constituent of public health. There are many negative consequences of obesity especially for the health of the individual. There is severe physical, social and psychological impact on the individuals. This has led to the development of specific obesity intervention program aimed at reducing the overall weight gain of the individuals. The past research shows that the existing obesity program do not target the individuals on a psychological level which is of utmost importance. This is because of the fact that obesity is linked to the behavioural aspects of the participants. The participants may not feel motivated to lead healthy lifestyle along with the intake of nutritional foods. They may be inclined to junk foods along with minimal physical activities. Hence, in order to treat these issues, a new intervention strategy is formulated that tries to modify the psychological aspects of the participants. This new campaign wou ld involve the creation of a special type of questionnaire that targets the intrinsic details of the weight gain of the participants. The different types of questions were formulated such as how the participants perceive themselves due to increased weight, their level of awareness regarding their physical awareness, potential of discrimination based on their weight and others. This type of questions would make the participants aware of their negative attributes of their physical structure. They might feel offended and this would drive them to think constructively about their weight. They may devise suitable measures to control their weight. Most importantly, they would be motivated to lose weight and would strive to undertake a healthy lifestyle. This would help the participants to lead a healthy life. Background I will then argue that: 1. . Obesity is an important component of public health and hence reducing it is one of the primary goals. The obesity has a direct connection with several chronic diseases. There are several reasons of chronic diseases; however, obesity is one of the main causes of it. The people, who are beyond their normal weight range, face several health complications. This may also reduce the average life expectancy of the people. There has been increase in the childhood obesity as well as adult obesity rates in the recent past. The obesity is considered as a public health problem which can be compared to epidemic worldwide. There has been a number of public health intervention campaigns aimed at curbing the menace of obesity in society. The prevalence of obesity has doubled in the children who are less than five years of age. There is also an alarming rate of obesity among the teenagers. This is because of the fact that their lifestyle makes them prone to carbohydrate rich foods and unhealthy meals. The International Health Organizations has implemented multi component interventions in order to reduce the instances of obesity. It involves a combination of environmental, educational as well as behavioural activities which improve the health conditions of the people. There are various factors of weight gain such as metabolism, family values, surrounding environment and others. These factors have led to the fact that obesity is a public health concern for the health care practitioners. 2. . It is important to determine the main causes of obesity. The primary cause is the change in the lifestyle of the urban population. There have been sharp changes in the lifestyle pattern of the people along with the dietary changes as well as physical activities. An increasingly number of people is leading sedentary lives with minimum physical exercises as they have modern technologies to assist them in their daily lives. The urban people are increasingly getting accustomed to the modern transportation and technological advancements in their daily life. The increased utilisation of technology has made people lead a hassle free life; however, this has impacted their health. They have become overweight and obesity is a common phenomenon. The options of eating are not only limited to restaurants but are also popular in unusual places such as petrol pumps or railway stations. This has given number of alternatives to the people which would help them to increase their food intake. The pattern of food intake is not the sole causes of obesity. The calorie intake of an obese individual is usually more than the number of physical activities undertaken by them. The lack of neighborhood spaces, long working hours, stressful lives, lack of time management, lack of availability of healthy foods and others contribute to the medical condition of obesity. This is common for the individuals leading a sedentary lifestyle. The calorie intake from foods should be equivalent to the energy loss due to physical activities. There is a changed mode of transportation which is a direct result of growing urbanization. The inactive lifestyle contributes to binge eating which is directly related to the symptoms of overweight and obesity. The lifestyle changes have contributed to the increase in the weight of individuals. These reasons have led to the increased incidences of obesity. 3. . There are many negative implications of obesity. The health and wealth being of the individuals are being affected to a great extent by the incidences of obesity. There is an increased risk of non-communicable ailments like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorder and some various forms of cancer. The individuals that suffer from obesity suffer from serious health hazards. The pregnant women who are obese can have serious complications during the delivery of the baby. There can be complications for the baby as well. The childhood obesity would lead to premature death or can lead to increased chances of disability. The obese children can have an unhealthy life ahead of them. There are an increasing number of children who are obese, especially in an urban environment. There is an increased health concern of the children such as insulin resistance, fragile bones, inhalation issues and hypertension. The obese individuals suffer from a lot of emotional issues such as depression, anxiety, low quality of life, dissatisfaction and poor self-esteem. This makes them frustrated and unable to focus on their professional life. The lack of self esteem prevents the individuals to attain success in their professional endeavours. The increased prevalence of obesity has created major issues for the developing countries. They are experiencing double burden of disease. They are already dealing with the issue of contagious diseases and malnutrition. There is a steep increase in the non-communicable diseases in the recent past. One of the most common non communicable diseases is the increased incidence of obesity. This has created pressure on the public health authorities of the developing countries. 4. . The development of a new approach towards alleviating obesity is crucial. The intervention programs often target the overweight as well as obese people who have gained excess weight. There should be focus on the individuals with normal weight so that they have least chances of gaining excess weight. There has been a number of lifestyle interventions and promotion of healthy eating measures which has tried to address the issue of obesity in adults as well as children. However, there has been little success rates of these interventions. This has been due to the fact that the incidences of obesity have reached epidemic levels. A majority of the people have exceeded their normal weight due to their erratic lifestyles. This has led to the development of strategies which would effectively address the issue of obesity. This has driven the need of creating a population based intervention program for decreasing the prevalence of overweight as well as obesity of the population. The lifest yle intervention measures such as transformation of the dietary habits, modifications in the lifestyle changes, more physical fitness routines and others has been implemented for reducing the chances of overweight or obese individuals. There have also been clinical interventions that aim to reduce the impact of obesity among individuals. However, there is no specific outcome of these interventions. This is the reason for devising a new innovative anti-obesity campaign that would address the issue in a better manner. This new approach utilises the psychological makeover of the persons and targets the behavioural aspects towards the issue of obesity. All individuals are social beings who would be offended if someone targets them publicly. . A person would not be comfortable to share his personal details regarding obesity in front of everyone. A social advertising campaign must be created for the purpose of reducing the risks of obesity. The campaign would be implemented in multiple se ttings which would involve the primary care institutions as well as the workplaces of the individuals. This new strategy would differentiate policy and environmental aspects of obesity intervention and it has the capacity of identifying the individual weight targets of the population within a specified time limit. . This new approach would also identify the relevant interventions regarding controlling the phenomenon of obesity. 5. . The questionnaire of the new approach involves uncomfortable questions, which is essential in this matter. The whole idea behind this new campaign is to attack the psychological aspect of the individuals so that they can be motivated towards the successful weight reduction measures. This campaign would involve the creation of uncomfortable questions to the participants who may feel offended to answer weight related questions in the public. There would be different questions such as how they perceive their look, difficulty in physical activities, discrimination faced by them, bullying or other loss of dignity and similar instances. When the participants were asked to respond to these questions, they were embarrassed to answer these questions. This embarrassment would help the individuals to plan something regarding their excess weight. It would be possible for the individuals to come up with an innovative plan which would effectively help them to reduce their weight. When the par ticipants would be bombarded with such awkward questions, they would feel insulted in giving the answers in a public platform. The regular interventions measures may not work with every individual, however, the psychological based approach would be effective in addressing the issue of obesity. This is the reason for the selection of this unique strategy, which is believed to be highly effective in the issue of overweight and obesity. Provisional conclusion The obesity is a serious issue in the modern times. In earlier times, people gave least importance to the issue of weight gain. They were more concerned with the communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitiss, HIV and others. The issue of obesity has not created much concern for the people. However, times have changed and there has been growing incidences of obese individuals. Obesity is a particular medical condition in which there is excessive accumulation of fat deposits in the body and this has increased due to the growing urbanization of the society. It has severe health implications for the individuals and it has severe consequences on the health and well being of the individuals. There are various causes of obesity such as excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, environmental factors, hormonal imbalances and use of certain medicines. The obesity has several side effects on the health of the individuals living in the society. The obese individuals can suffer f rom stroke, cardiovascular ailments and others. The physical ailments are not only a matter of concern for the individuals but also for the society at large. Apart from the social pressures, the Government face public health pressures due to excess obese individuals. There have been several interventions in the past that concern about reducing the instances of obesity; however, they have failed to implement it. There have not been sufficient changes in the community which help in controlling the weight gain of the individuals. The failure of successfully implementing the obesity interventions have created the necessary of devising a new anti obesity campaign that address the issue of overweight as well as obesity to a greater extent. This is the reason for developing the new model of anti-obesity campaign. An innovative approach is used for the purpose of addressing the issue of obesity. The new approach would help in viewing the obesity issue from a psychological point of view. The innovative questionnaire that is intentionally prepared to ask embarrassing questions to the participants would drive them to think about the issue seriously. The sense of embarrassment coupled with a sense of guilt would force the participants to make effective plans regarding their weight loss. This approach is expected to bring new outcomes in weight loss regimes that would be highly effective in the long run. The psychological transformation of the person would imply serious behavioural changes in the individuals which would help them in reducing their weights to a great extent. Counterarguments Despite the best efforts, there can be several counter agreements in the anti obesity campaigns. There can be reduced psychological effects, lack of time of the participants and negative belief of the participants. The participants may belong to a different psychological class in which they may not be impacted by the uncomfortable questions. They may possess a different behavioural component which would not be affected by this kind of approach. This would dilute the sole purpose of this type of anti obesity approach. The participants may be too busy in their personal life or professional life and they may not respond to the unusual questionnaire. They may not understand the purpose of this type of questionnaire and hence they may not cooperate in this campaign. Their rigid attitude would not make the anti-obesity campaign successful. If the participants are not exposed to this type of questionnaire, then there would be no effect on the participants. If they are preoccupied with their work or busy schedules, then they may not be able to accommodate time for the anti-obesity campaigns. There may be negative belief of the participants regarding this type of obesity intervention. The campaign can be misunderstood by the participants that would reduce their participation rates. The participants may provoke a negative feeling about this particular obesity intervention program. They may feel that there is deliberate insult of them which may cause demotivation. As a result of this, they would not be willing to participate in the campaign. They may feel that this method is not correct and this new strategy of asking personal questions is not right. They may feel that it is unethical to ask sensitive questions in a public forum or face to face. These reasons may not cause success of this innovative kind of intervention program. The new intervention program would fail if the above issues are not tackled carefully. Conclusion It is important to implement an effective anti obesity program that would help to reduce the instances of obesity in the population. In the past, the obesity intervention measure has not been successful due to the intensity of the issue. This has led to the formulation of a new strategy that targets the obese individuals in the psychological level. The behavioural aspects of an individual are the most important and this is the core reason behind this kind of anti obesity campaigns. This strategy would be implemented in multiple setting so that there is maximum impact of the same. The innovative approach is expected to foster an attitude of weight loss among the target population. However, the success of this strategy in reducing the obesity of the individuals is doubtful. This is because of the various counterarguments that are described in this paper. There can be various issues which may dilute the success rate of the intervention program. The participants may not have any psycholo gical effect due to the uncomfortable questions. They may be too busy in their daily life. There can be the induction of a negative belief with respect to this particular type of intervention program. There is an increased possibility of misunderstanding among the participants which would lessen the probability of their participation. They may feel that this method is not correct and this new strategy of asking personal questions is not right. Their resistance to the new kind of intervention program would hinder the success of the anti obesity program. It is important to handle these issues carefully in order to make it a successful obesity intervention program. The new strategy should be conducted in such a manner so that the counterarguments can be resolved. This strategy must be introduced in a decent manner which would make the most impact. The counter arguments should be addressed and possible solutions should be sought in order to maximise the impact. This would ensure that th e new intervention program is successful in creating a successful strategy for addressing the issue of overweight as well as obesity. TITLE: It is justified to formulate a new strategy of addressing the issue of obesity by asking uncomfortable personal questions, however a decent approach should be adopted. Background The incidence of obesity and overweight adults is a global issue in todays world. The persons who possess Body Mass Index (BMI) of at least 30 are termed as obese and the adults with BMI above 25 are considered to be overweight. This term is used to explain the health condition of the persons who record significant higher weight than their ideal weight. It is a global problem and statistics show that around 2.3 billion adults are overweight and over 700 million people are obese (1). Initially, the issue of overweight as well as obesity was considered to be one of the problems of the developed countries; however, this issue is rising in the developing countries as well. The urban population is exposed to higher risks of obesity due to their lifestyle. The World Health Organization states that there is a significant rise in obesity in the Asia Pacific region. The obesity is considered as a public health problem which can be compared to epidemic worldwide (2). There has been a number of public health intervention campaigns aimed at curbing the menaceof obesity in society. However, they have failed to provide suitable solutions and there have been neglible changes in the society as a result of this. The existing intervention procedures are not so successful in reducing the symptoms of obese individuals. The goal of formulating intervention measures for the purpose of curbing obesity is important. The primary purpose of treating obesity is the reduction of morbidities caused due to cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type II diabetes and other related health issues (3). The international health organizations are trying hard to reduce the global mortality rate. The second goal of formulating the intervention measures is to reduce the increasing expense of healthcare facilities. The total healthcare costs associated with the treatment of obesity related disorders is around 3.2% of the overall medical costs (1). The third goal is to promote optimum health as well as well-being of the society, which is one of the most fundamental principles of World Health Organization (WHO) (4). Obesity- Component of Public Health The medical condition concerning the excessive body fat accumulation that may have negative impacts on the individuals health is known as obesity (5). The body mass index is the tool used for measuring whether the person is overweight or obese. There is an increasing incidence of obesity in the young population (6). The obesity has a direct connection with several chronic diseases. The chronic disease has negative impact on the health of an individual as well as the sustainability of the overall health care system. The International Health Organizations has implemented multi component interventions in order to reduce the instances of obesity (7). It involves a combination of environmental, educational as well as behavioural activities which improve the health conditions of the people. There can be various forms of activities such as aerobic training, exercise schedules, nutrition education and others (8). It is expected that the multi component intervention would increase the physica l activity of the participants as well as improve their weight issues. The issue of obesity has several health implications for the society, which impacts the health of an individual in a negative manner (9). There has been increase in the childhood obesity as well as adult obesity rates. The average children are no more considered healthy. They demonstrate high BMI level, which is a clear indication of obesity. The prevalence of obesity has doubled in the children who are less than 5 years of age (10). The issue of obesity has tripled among the teenagers. This is due to the unhealthy lifestyle and the increased dietary changes. They do not realise the health hazards of obesity, which they can face in the later stages of life. The increase in weight is due to the combination of several factors working together. The food intake, metabolism, surrounding environment, family values and others can significantly affect the excess weight gain of an individual (11). These factors have contributed to the fact that the issue of obesity is multifactorial in nature which can be solved with a combination of different approaches. Causes of Obesity There is an increasing tendency of obesity among the urban population. The youths as well as the working professionals are increasingly getting inclined to junk foods (12). There is an increased visit to the various shopping malls and restaurants which serve a wide variety of junk food that have no nutritional value. Instead, they propagate messages that encourage individuals to eat as well as drink as much as they can. The options of eating are not only limited to restaurants but are also popular in unusual places such as petrol pumps or railway stations. There is also an increase in the average food portions which increase the calorie intake of an individual (13). This indicates that there is a modification in the eating habits of people as compared to the earlier times. This phenomenon is particularly observed in urban areas where there is huge number of food alternatives available (14). There is an increased consumption of carbohydrate based foods which are high in the fat conten t. The pattern of food intake is not the sole causes of obesity. The lack of physical activity is one of the primary causes of obesity (15). The modern age is characterised by a sedentary lifestyle which implies that the individuals lack energy balance. The calorie intake from foods should be equivalent to the energy loss due to physical activities (16). There is a changed mode of transportation which is a direct result of growing urbanization. The inactive lifestyle contributes to binge eating which is directly related to the symptoms of overweight and obesity. The lifestyle changes have contributed to the increase in the weight of individuals (17). People prefer to take their cars instead of walking down their nearest supermarkets. In the professional environment, there is less dependence on physical engagements due to the increased advancement of modern technology. The environmental factors are also a major contributor towards obese individuals (18). The lack of neighborhood spaces, long working hours, stressful lives, lack of time management, lack of availability of healthy foods and others contribute to the medical condition of obesity. The genes and the family history also have powerful influence on the weight of a person. The obesity can also be due to hormonal imbalances such as hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome and others (19). There are certain medicines such as seizure medicines, antidepressants and corticosteroids, which can cause excessive weight gain. Consequences of obesity The incidence of obesity has certain implications on the health and well-being of the concerned individual. There is an increased risk of non-communicable ailments like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorder and some various forms of cancer (20). The stroke and the heart ailments are the major form of the cardiovascular disease which is a leading cause of death in both the developing nations as well as developed nations (21). The musculoskeletal diseases comprise of osteoarthritis which is considered as the degenerative disease of the joints. The obese people are prone to various types of cancers such as breast, prostate, liver, colon and others (22). The obesity during childhood can be attributed to premature death or can lead to higher chances of disability during adulthood. The obese children are also characterised by breathing issues, hypertension, insulin resistance, high probability of fractures and others. The phenomenon of obesity has all round effect on the individual concerning physical, social and psychological (23). The physical implications are described in the earlier section. The psychological effects include the anxiety, depression, low quality of life, poor self-esteem and dissatisfaction regarding the body (24). The obese people usually suffer from lack of self-confidence as they consider them unfit for the society. They are often victims of abuse or bullying, which impacts their state of mind. The low self-esteem affects the professional life of the individuals as they are unable to concentrate on their work. There are social effects on the individuals such as less number of acquaintance, less employment options, lack of educational qualifications, less salary, less possibility of marriage and more tendency to commit suicide (25). The overall dissatisfaction from the life of an obese person is reflected in the emotional state of mind and they feel awkward to mix with people . This hampers their social life to a great extent. The developing countries are facing a double burden of disease (1). The issue of malnutrition as well as infectious diseases are common, however, there is a steep increase in the non-communicable diseases as well (26). In urban scenario, the incidences of overweight and obesity are increasing. The issue of obesity is observed in females also and it becomes critical once they become pregnant (27). They can suffer from high risk pregnancy that can affect the life of both the mother and the baby. Development of new anti-obesity program There is a global emphasis on the prevention of obesity (27). A great emphasis is laid on the people who belong to normal weight range so that they do not enter the stages of obesity. There are treatments for reducing the increased instances of obesity, however, there is little success rates of these intervention program. This is due to the fact that the issue of obesity has already attained epidemic levels. As there are a number of intrinsic factors that lead to some form of obesity, it has become difficult to promote healthy living of the individuals. They are unable to restrain from junk foods or they fail to implement an active lifestyle, which has led to the failure of the obesity intervention programs. This has driven the need of creating a population based intervention program for decreasing the prevalence of overweight as well as obesity. They are complementary to the strategies that aim to reduce obesity from clinical point of view. It is important to develop a new intervent ion program that aims the obese individuals by creating social pressures on them. All individuals are social beings who would be offended if someone targets them publicly. A person would not be eager to share his personal details regarding obesity in front of everyone. This activity would involve a national social advertising campaign that would involve a coordinated strategy aimed for the reduction of obesity. This new strategy would differentiate policy and environmental aspects of obesity intervention. This approach would identify the individual weight targets in a given time limit. This new approach would also identify the relevant interventions regarding controlling the phenomenon of obesity. This is an evidence based intervention that takes into consideration the social as well as psychological constituents of an individual (28). Implementation of the new unconventional approach The intervention campaign would involve the obese individuals and making them answer some uncomfortable questions which would be related to the obesity. There would be different questions such as how they perceive their look, difficulty in physical activities, discrimination faced by them, bullying or other loss of dignity and similar instances. When the participants would be bombarded with such awkward questions, they would feel insulted in giving the answers in a public platform. This insult would help them to give due importance to their condition of obesity. This would foster a zeal to reduce their weight so that they would not be embarrassed publicly regarding their body weight. This new intervention aims to address the psychological framework of the obese people. Provisional conclusion Obesity is considered to be one of the most common non communicable diseases in the modern world (29). This is a particular medical condition in which there is excessive accumulation of fat deposits in the body. The obesity has severe health implications for the individuals and it has severe consequences on the health and well being of the individuals. There are various causes of obesity which is a common phenomenon in the urban population. There are various causes of obesity such as excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, environmental factors, hormonal imbalances and use of certain medicines (30). There are severe consequences of obesity such as physical, psychological and social. There can be stroke, cardiovascular diseases and other physical ailments. There can be abuse or lack of self confidence of the obese individuals. The obese individuals can also suffer from social effects such as lack of educational qualifications and lack of ability to get a good job. There have been several interventions in the past that concern about reducing the instances of obesity. However, these interventions have not failed to address the issue of obesity. There have not been sufficient changes in the community which help in controlling the weight gain of the individuals. This has led to the development of a new anti obesity intervention program that uses an innovative approach to target the obese population. The implementation part of the new intervention program should be done carefully. The central idea of this new approach is to make the obese participants aware of their weight by asking them embarrassing questions in the public. This new approach is expected to solve the issue of obesity to a great extent. Counterarguments The new approach may not be effective in reducing the instances of obesity. This can be due to several reasons- Reduced psychological effects The participants may belong to a different psychological class in which they may not be impacted by the uncomfortable questions. There can be individuals who are least bothered about these types of questions. They may continue to adopt unhealthy lifestyle and may not take any effort to reduce their weight. Busy in their schedules The participants may be too busy in their personal life or professional life and they may not respond to the unusual questionnaire. If the participants are not exposed to this type of questionnaire, then there would be no effect on the participants. This would lead to the failure of this type of intervention mechanism. Negative belief The participants may provoke a negative feeling about this particular obesity intervention program. They may feel that this method is not correct and this new strategy of asking personal questions is not right. They may be insulted if they are asked sensitive questions in the public. Conclusion The development of a new intervention program for addressing the issue of obesity is essential. In the past, the obesity intervention measure has not been successful due to the intensity of the issue. This has led to the formulation of a new strategy that targets the obese individuals in the psychological level. This strategy would be implemented in multiple setting so that there is maximum impact of the same. However, the success of this strategy in reducing the obesity of the individuals is doubtful. There can be several issues which may hinder the success rate of the intervention program. The participants may not have any psychological effect due to the uncomfortable questions. They may be too busy in their daily life. There can be the induction of a negative belief with respect to this particular type of intervention program. The new strategy should be conducted in such a manner so that the counterarguments can be resolved. This strategy must be introduced in a decent manner whic h would make the most impact. This would make sure the new program would be able to fulfil its desired objectives. References World Health Organization [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2016 [cited 25 October 2016]. Available from: https://www.who.int Frhbeck G, Toplak H, Woodward E, Yumuk V, Maislos M, Oppert JM. Obesity: the gateway to ill health-an EASO position statement on a rising public health, clinical and scientific challenge in Europe. Obesity facts. 2013 Apr 3;6(2):117-20. Moore G, Durstine JL, Painter P, American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons With Chronic Diseases and Disabilities, 4E. Human Kinetics; 2016 Mar 30. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. World Health Organization; 2014. Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Igel LI, Lloyd?Jones D, Sowers J. Obesity?related hypertension: Pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatmentA position paper of the The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension. Obesity. 2013 Jan 1;21(1):8-24. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama. 2014 Feb 26;311(8):806-14. Tate DF, Lytle LA, Sherwood NE, Haire-Joshu D, Matheson D, Moore SM, Loria CM, Pratt C, Ward DS, Belle SH, Michie S. Deconstructing interventions: approaches to studying behavior change techniques across obesity interventions. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2016 Jan 6:1-8. Kenney WL, Wilmore J, Costill D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human kinetics; 2015 Mar 30. Gatrell AC, Elliott SJ. Geographies of health: An introduction. John Wiley Sons; 2014 Dec 31. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Moodie ML, Hall KD, Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, James WP, Wang Y, McPherson K. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. The Lancet. 2015 Jun 26;385(9986):2510-20. Drewnowski A, Moudon AV, Jiao J, Aggarwal A, Charreire H, Chaix B. Food environment and socioeconomic status influence obesity rates in Seattle and in Paris. International Journal of Obesity. 2014 Feb 1;38(2):306-14. Wright SM, Aronne LJ. Causes of obesity. Abdominal imaging. 2012 Oct 1;37(5):730-2. Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Burke SE, Przedworski JM, Dovidio JF, Hardeman R, Morris M, van Ryn M. Beliefs about the causes of obesity in a national sample of 4th year medical students. Patient education and counseling. 2015 Nov 30;98(11):1446-9. Ewing R, Meakins G, Hamidi S, Nelson AC. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidityUpdate and refinement. Health place. 2014 Mar 31;26:118-26. Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiology. 2012 Apr 1. DeLany JP, Kelley DE, Hames KC, Jakicic JM, Goodpaster BH. Effect of physical activity on weight loss, energy expenditure, and energy intake during diet induced weight loss. Obesity. 2014 Feb 1;22(2):363-70. Look AHEAD Research Group. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2014 Jan;22(1):5. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2013 Jan 1;9(1):13-27. Conway G, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Franks S, Gambineri A, Kelestimur F, Macut D, Micic D, Pasquali R, Pfeifer M. The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2014 Oct 1;171(4):P1-29. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The lancet. 2012 Jul 27;380(9838):219-29. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Jul 30. Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Physiological reviews. 2015 Jul 1;95(3):727-48. Graham D, Edwards A. The psychological burden of obesity: the potential harmful impact of health promotion and education programmes targeting obese individuals. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2013 May 1;51(3):124-33. Vieira PN, Silva MN, Mata J, Coutinho SR, Santos TC, Sardinha LB, Teixeira PJ. Correlates of health-related quality of life, psychological well-being, and eating self-regulation after successful weight loss maintenance. Journal of behavioral medicine. 2013 Dec 1;36(6):601-10. Strombotne K. Peer Effects of Obesity in Children and Implications for School Wellness Policies. In2015 Fall Conference: The Golden Age of Evidence-Based Policy 2015 Nov 12. Appam. Bygbjerg IC. Double burden of noncommunicable and infectious diseases in developing countries. Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1499-501. Foster CE, Hirst J. Midwives' attitudes towards giving weight-related advice to obese pregnant women. British Journal of Midwifery. 2014;22(4):254-62. Heath GW, Parra DC, Sarmiento OL, Andersen LB, Owen N, Goenka S, Montes F, Brownson RC, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. The lancet. 2012 Jul 27;380(9838):272-81. Prescott SL. Early-life environmental determinants of allergic diseases and the wider pandemic of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2013 Jan 31;131(1):23-30. Williams EP, Mesidor M, Winters K, Dubbert PM, Wyatt SB. Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem. Current obesity reports. 2015 Sep 1;4(3):363-70.

The issue of racial prejudice

Table of Contents Importance of race in the play Cultural treatment of foreigners The cultural context of Othello Works Cited The play of Othello has been one closely bound up with the question of race and racism. It is the underlying issue of racial prejudice in Venetian society that influences Iago’s plot against Othello, a prejudice both Othello and Desdemona are much aware of its existence. Desdemona denies prejudice in her own life. Her focus is only her love, of which she is loyal in preserving. However, Othello is not aware of how deep the issue of Elizabethan prejudice has conquered his own personality. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The issue of racial prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prejudice makes Othello undermine himself by saying â€Å"I am not attractive†. â€Å"I am not worthy of Desdemona†. â€Å"It cannot be true that she really loves me,† an d â€Å"If she loves me, then there must be something wrong with her† (Shakespeare 72). Such thoughts prevent Othello from discussing the matter with Desdemona, so he acts with the panicked assumptions under the influence of Iago’s lies and hints. Surviving the Elizabethan’s prejudice requires Othello to be near perfect in strength and knowledge. For instance, Iago explicitly refers to Othello with a vulgar prejudice by asserting that â€Å"These Moors are changeable in their wills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shakespeare 30). We cannot ignore this assertion Iago makes about Othello. This vulgar prejudice against Othello is what readers can sustain as the truth about racial prejudice during Elizabethan period (Graham 23). Other critics consider Othello as one of the finest achievements of Shakespeare, but also as one of the most scandalous plays causing discomfort to both readers and viewers. Some critics argue that Shakespeare made a mistake by making a â€Å"Moor† his central character because only white characters could be tragic heroes. Others argue that Shakespeare was only expressing the values of Elizabethans regarding race issue, which he thought was an offensive portrayal of black people during his times. At the same time, other critics believe that Shakespeare was deliberately exposing the issue of racial prejudice of his fellow countrymen by representing a black tragic hero. Shakespeare’s characters are among the racist in Elizabethan period. They frequently use the word â€Å"black† to refer to Othello. For instance, Iago compares Othello to â€Å"an old black ram† (Shakespeare 5). This portrays the perceptions of Elizabethans toward black race. Elizabethans see black people as animals that do not possess human civility, but animalistic instincts. Brabanzio prejudices against black race due to their skin color. Consequently, he is unable to trust his own daughter’s association with Othello because it go es against his opinion concerning foreign race. Brabanzio reasserts his prejudice judgment by using the word â€Å"fear† to reflect his idea about blacks i.e. blacks are savage and uncivilized persons. Brabanzio goes further to substitute Othello’s dignity by referring to him as a â€Å"thing†. Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, Desdemona must justify why she must marry a â€Å"Moor†. The white society does not accept racial marriages. When Desdemona asserts that she saw Othello in her mind, it means that she must rationalize and validate her love to Othello in her mind and not her heart. Iago tells Othello that Desdemona as his wife is so unnatural to the point that she refused â€Å"many proposed matches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Of her own clime, complexion, and degree† (Shakespeare 70). ago uses these descriptions on Othel lo to invoke a sense of fear, evil, savageness and racial inferiority of the blacks. The culture of the whites portrays black race as degenerated and uncivilized. Othello must act within the limits of a racist society to deal with the alleged infidelity of Desdemona (Adelman 45). The Elizabethan definitions and identity of the â€Å"Moor† varied. They used the term to refer to blacks or someone outside their race. Therefore, any other race outside the white’s society was insignificant. Iago vulgarly refers to Othello as a â€Å"Barbary horse†. Elizabethans used the term â€Å"black† in reference to â€Å"Moor†, black or any other person with Arabic origins. Iago refers to Othello with derogative terms because of his skin pigmentation and his growing love and desire for a white woman. We can conclude that racial prejudice rotates around racial sexual union of Othello and Desdemona. Characters consider Othello as honorable and admirable person. Howe ver, Iago mixes sexual and race issues so as to find ways of attacking Othello from all sides. Therefore, Elizabethans use black’s physical features to define Othello’s identity. Importance of race in the play Racial prejudice marks the watershed in this play. The significance of Othello’s race and pigmentation work hard to expose racial prejudice in the Elizabethan era. This forces the audience not to see Othello as a stereotyped Moor, but as a tragic hero. The tragic event perpetuated by Iago transform Othello into what Iago wants him to be. This makes the play creates some discomfort among white audience. Shakespeare links race, prejudice and sex issues in order to create a web of tragedies. The play exposes the whites’ fear of miscegenation and mingling of races through Othello. Shakespeare is using the Moor to challenge the ideologies of race, sex and miscegenation in the Elizabethan period. The play stirs the audience sympathy through representation of the love of a white woman for a black man (Hadfield 30). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The issue of racial prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a taboo during the Elizabethan era with the fear of mixed-race offspring. A suitable scenario comes out through Roderigo when he tells Desdemona’s father that, â€Å"you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse, you’ll have your nephews neigh to you† (Shakespeare 29). Cultural treatment of foreigners The descriptions other characters use in reference to Othello lead the audience to believe that Elizabethan people treated foreigners with a difference. Other characters use a number of culturally stereotyped names to refer to Othello. For instance, Emilia refers to Othello as the â€Å"Moor† by saying â€Å"The Moor’s abus’d by some outrageous knave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And made you to suspe ct me with the Moor† (Shakespeare 30). Such references make the readers conceive the story as one filled with stereotyped treatment of the Negros during Shakespeare’s period. The racist descriptions permeate the play throughout as evident in Roderigo and Iago. However, as Shakespeare develops his character, Othello, we realize that some characters around him treat him as an equal. Othello has a rich history of ancestry. We must see Othello as a Negro, but as a high and courteous Moorish chief. In other words, Shakespeare counteracts the Moorish references by developing the traits of Othello so that readers may forget his skin color. Later, Shakespeare presents Othello as a civilized, master of language, respected and above all, capable of passion beyond race. As the play closes, we realize that it is not all about race, but a story of a tragic character who commits a tragic act of murder. It is critical to note that the play starts in darkness. Strangely, the characte rs do not use Othello’s name in reference to him. Readers can only guess who could be â€Å"the black ram† through the terms other characters use in reference to Othello. The reference to the terms Moor, thick lips and a Barbary horse equate Othello to an animal. Roderigo sees the union between Othello and Desdemona as an act which will only results into a creation of a â€Å"beast with two backs† (Shakespeare, 29). We know that horses have wide lips, and by saying that the grandson will be a half-horse because of the â€Å"animal blood† in Othello is an extreme act of sex and racial prejudice cultural treatment of foreigners. Readers only have hints of Othello through references to animals Roderigo and Iago make. We can draw a conclusion between the Moor and animals. Roderigo and Iago make references to animals. They demonstrate that the Moors lack civility, and are half-human creatures that can only fit the definition of animals.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brabanzio experiences confusion at his daughter’s affair with the foreigner, the Moor. Thoughts and fear carry Brabanzio away to conclude that Othello is using the black magic and witches to lure Desdemona. It is equally fascinating to note that Brabanzio makes such remarks before even knowing the identity of Othello. He only relies on the descriptions Iago and Roderigo give Othello. The Elizabethans associated the dark and savage to black people’s magic. Since Othello is a â€Å"Moor†, Brabanzio laments, and wonders how Desdemona could have fallen in love with him â€Å"against all rules of nature† (Shakespeare 31). Brabanzio takes it to the extreme by wondering how his daughter could have fallen â€Å"in love with that she feared to look† (Shakespeare 31). This reference gives readers ideas how Shakespeare’s contemporaries treated foreigners. In other words, sexual union between blacks and whites was against the law of nature during the E lizabethan period (Sanders 66). Brabanzio uses some of the strongest remarks to define foreigners. Elizabethan considers different races that access the white’s society as pagans and bondslaves. For instance, Brabanzio asserts that â€Å"For if such actions may have passage free, bondslaves and pagans shall our statesmen be† (Shakespeare 32). Readers conclude that the Elizabethan did not recognize the existence of black men as true men. The whites regarded the Moors as bondslaves and pagans with no place in their white society. However, as Shakespeare continues to develop his tragic hero, Brabanzio changes his notion about Othello. Shakespeare presents the Moor as a refined character who speaks, acts and dresses as whites do. He also portrays the outstanding leadership qualities of Othello. Audiences begin to understand that Othello is no different from other white characters, except for the color of his skin. A part from Iago, Roderigo and other evil characters who characteristically refer to Othello as the Moor, the rest of the characters treats him with respect and call him the valiant Moor. This reference makes Othello’s race a significant part of him: a part which is rich in history and quite glorified. The cultural context of Othello When the play opens, it is hard for readers to imagine that the play will revolve around the issue of race. However, the cultural context of the tragic hero, Othello reveals that he does not compare to any racist terms other characters use to describe him. In order to erase the issue of race in a cultural context of his hero, Shakespeare cleverly develops his character to counteract the savagery and uncivilized terms racist characters use in reference to Othello. It is obvious that Othello does not fit any of the descriptions his enemies impose on him. For instance, when Othello advices his battalion to watch their swords reveals a deep personality of cultivated and intelligent man. Othello says â₠¬Å"Keep your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Good signor you have more command with your years than with your weapons† (Shakespeare12). These lines draw the readers’ attention to the civility and gentleness of Othello. Readers wonder whether to judge Othello from the stereotyped and prejudiced point of view of Iago and Roderigo or use Othello’s words to judge him. Othello must prove himself as a truly civilized Moor before the white society. Some readers easily follow the assumptions Iago and Rederigo claim about Othello. Readers cannot judge Othello from the words of characters with ulterior motives. Iago and Roderigo lack credibility to provide substantial information regarding Othello. This makes his opinion insignificant to the reader since they are cruel and baseless. Shakespeare presents a tragic hero who is humble. Othello recognizes that he is different from other characters in terms of skin color and speech. Othello says that â€Å"Rude am I in speech†¦ And little blessed with the soft phrase of speech† (Shakespeare 13). This humble act of humility defines Othello’s character throughout the play. Othello recognizes that he is racially different from whites, but not racially mediocre character to them. Shakespeare asserts the fact that the â€Å"other race† can rise above whites and be their hero. The cultural context of Othello is one full of fascinating history. Othello woos a lover and friends alike with his rich cultural background and stories of heroism. They want to hear more and more of his fascinating tales. This creates a sense of admiration in Othello among some of his white admirers. It is this rich and exotic history of heroism which is lacking in whites’ society. The fascinating history makes the Duke to admit that his daughter would have fallen for such a story. Othello is using his cultural background to his advantage and never admits that his race is inferior to any. Thro ughout the play, comments of animal and savagery follow Othello. When Othello murders Desdemona, he uses the term base India to refer to himself. This barbarous act of brutality leaves the readers wondering whether Othello is a true civilized person or is an animal. This is the only instance where Othello puts is cultural orientation into a negative focus. The fundamental issue for readers to ponder is whether Othello is a beast or a civilized person. Readers wonder whether Iago and Roderigo have been right all along about the civility of Othello. Like most of Shakespeare’s tragic characters, we realize that Othello is man, regardless of race, trapped in a web of deceit and evil plots. Whether White or black, anybody is capable of murder, in a brutal manner, of course. Therefore, the issue of race inferiority is secondary to this play. Shakespeare demonstrates that racial prejudice has some of the most negative consequences, especially if people harbor ulterior motive agains t others. Works Cited Adelman, Janet. Iago’s alter ego: race as projection in Othello. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. Graham, Bradshaw. Misrepresentations: Shakespeare and the Materialis. New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. Print. Hadfield, Andrew. A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s Othello. New york: Routledge, 2003. Print. Sanders, Norman. Othello: The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Print. Shakespeare, William. Shakespeare’s Othello: Cliff Notes. Chicago: IDG Books Worldwide, 2000. Print. This research paper on The issue of racial prejudice was written and submitted by user Kinsley Stone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.